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Action Space
The geographical area that contains the space an individual interacts with on a daily basis.
Beaux Arts
This movement within city planning and uban design that stressed the marriage of older, classical forms with newer, industrial ones. Common characteristics of this period include wide thoroughfares, spacious parks, and civic monuments that stressed progress, freedom, and national unity.
Blockbusting
As early as 1900, real estate agents and developers encouraged affluent white property owners to sell their homes and businesses at a loss by stoking fears that their neighborhoods were being overtaken by racial or ethnic minorities.
Borchert's epochs
According to the geographer John R. Borchert, American cities have under gone five major epochs, or periods, of development shaped by the dominant forms of transportation and communication at the time. These include sail wagon epoch (1790-1830), iron horse epoch (1830-1870), steel race epoch (1870-1920), auto air amenity epoch (1920-1970), and satellite electronic jet propulsion and high technology epoch (1970-present)
Central Business District
The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.
Central Place Theory
A theory formulated b Walter Christaller in the early 1900's that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations.
City Beautiful Movement
Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from frenzied new industrial world/
Colonial City
Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructure.
Concentric Zone Model
Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of distinct lands using radiating out from a central core, or central business district.
Edge City
Cities that are located on the outskirts of larger cities nd serve many of the same functions of urban areas, but in sprawling, decentralized suburban environment.
environmental justice
According to the U.S. environmental protection agency, "the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
European Cities
Cities in Europe that were mostly developed during the Medieval Period and that retain many of the same characteristics such as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack.
Exurbanite
Person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas.
Feudal City
Cities that arose during the Middle ages and that actually represent a time of relative stagnation in urban growth. This system fostered a dependent relationship between wealthy landowners and peasants who worked their land, providing very little alternative economic opportunities.
Forward Capital
A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons.
Gateway City
Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.
Gentrification
The tend of middle and upper income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture but also replacing low income populations, and changing the social character of certain neighborhoods.
Ghettoization
A process occurring in many inner cites in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.
Great Migration
An early 20th century mass movement of African Americans from the Deep South to the Industrial North, particularly Chicago.
Hinterland
The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.
industrial revolution
Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world.
Inner City Decay
Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. Because of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty.
Islamic Cities
Cities in Muslim countries that owe their structure to their religious beliefs. Islamic cities contain mosques at their center and walls guarding their perimeter. Open air markets, courtyards surrounded by high walls, and ead end streets, which limit foot traffic in residential neighborhoods, also characterize Islamic cities.
Latin American Cities
Cities in Latin American cities that owe much of their structure to colonialism, the rapid rise of industrialization, and continual rapid increases in population. Similar to other colonial cities, they also demonstrate distinctive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out from the central business district, where most industrial and financial activity occurs.
Medieval Cities
Cities that developed in Europe during the Medieval Period and that contain such unique features as extreme density of development with narrow building and winding streets, an ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack.
Megacities
Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since World War 2.
Megalopolis
Several, metropolitan areas that were originally separate but that have joined together to form a large, sprawling urban complex.
Metropolitan Area
Within the United States, an urban area consisting of one or more whole country units, usually containing several urbanized areas, or suburbs, that all act together as a coherent economic whole.
Modern Architecture
Point of view, wherein cities and buildings are though to act like well oiled machines, with little energy spent on frivolous details or ornate designs. Efficient, geometrical structures made of concrete and glass dominated urban forms for half a century while this view prevailed.
Multiple Nuclei Model
Type of urban form wherein countries have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place.
New Urbanism
A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.
Node
Geographical centers of activity. A large city, such as Los Angeles, have multiple nodes/
Postmodern Architecture
A reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. Postmodernism uses older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism. Buildings combine pleasant looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more people friendly than their modernist predecessors.
Primate City
A country's leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country.
Rank-size rule
Rule that states that the populations that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country.
Sector Model
A model or urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge shaped sectors radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors.
Segregation
The process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogeneous suburban neighborhoods. This process isolates those individuals who cannot afford to consider relocating to suburban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of the central city.
Squatter Settlements
Residential developments, characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants.
Suburb
Residential communities, located outside of city centers, that are usually relatively homogeneous in terms of population.
Urban Growth Boundary
Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city.
Urban Morphology
The physical form of a city or urban region.
Urban Revitalization
The process occurring in some urban areas experiencing inner city decay that usually involves te construction of new shopping districts, entertainment venues, and cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals back into the cities where nightlife and culture are more accessible.
Urban Sprawl
The process of expansive suburban development over large areas spreading out from a city, in which the automobile provides the primary source of transportation.
White Flight
The abandonment of cities affluent or middle class white residents. White flight was particularly problematic during the mid 20th century because it resulted in the loss of tax revenues to cities, which led to inner city decay. This process reversed itself somewhat during the 1990s and 2000s with urban revitalization.
World City
Center of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.
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