Agriculture and GMOs, Weird Life, Climate Change

What is the top number on an element of the periodic table?

The atomic number, or the number of protons

First Bio element

Oxygen: 65%

Second Bio element

Carbon: 18.5%

Third Bio element

Hydrogen: 9.5%

Fourth Bio element

Nitrogen: 3.3%

We can improve the health of our plants by using fertilizers that include both

Macro and micro nutrients

Macronutrients

Required by plants in large amounts, mainly nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus

Micronutrients

Required by plants in trace amounts, less than 1%

Nitrogen

Greens up plants

Phosphorus

Reaches down to the roots

Potassium

Promotes all around well being

Producers

Can absorb the suns energy and convert it to chemical energy and make their own food

How do producers survive?

Capturing the suns energy and using photosynthesis to make energy held in sugar molecules

Consumers

Get energy by eating other producers or consumers

Both producers and consumers use

Cellular respiration

What is cellular respiration?

A series of chemical reactions that cause the sugar molecules that hold energy to break down into ATP

Why is cellular respiration important?

Gives plants and animals the energy needed to work and live

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplasts

Why is chlorophyll pigment important in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in chloroplasts, and it makes plants green

First stage of photosynthesis

Energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll

Second stage of photosynthesis

Calvin cycle: Carbon dioxide and light is used to make sugar

How do bacteria benefit agriculture?

Bacteria break down dead organisms and return the nutrients, bacteria also convert nitrogen that plants use as fertilizer

What is organic farming?

Maintaining soil quality by not using synthetic fertilizers or GMOs

What is an angiosperm?

A type of plant that produces flowers and encases its seeds in a fruit

Angiosperm type 1: Monocot

parallel leaf veins, petals in trios

Angiosperm type 2: Dicot

leaf veins branched, petals in four or five

Stigma

Receptive surface for pollen

Style

Connects the stigma and the ovary

Ovary

encloses seeds and protects the ovules

Stamen

male reproductive part of a flower, consists of a filament and anther

Anther

produces and contains pollen

What is a fruit?

A mature ovary

What is a biogeochemical cycle?

natural process in which elements are circulated through the abiotic and biotic parts of the ecosystem

What is an abiotic reservoir?

A nonliving component of the environment: water, sunlight, air

What is a biotic component?

Living parts of an ecosystem

Carbon cycle

The carbon cycle can be affected by humans, mainly by burning of fossil fuels

What is biotechnology?

Manipulation of organisms to make useful products

What is DNA technology?

Set of methods used for studying and manipulating genetic material

What is genetic engineering?

Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

What is CRISPR?

tech that allows gene editing within living cells

How are GM crops made?

A desired gene is placed into a plasmid and the plasmid carries the gene into the plants genome

Levels of animal classification

Did King Philip Come Over For Great Spaghetti

What are the three domains of life?

Domain Eukarya, Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea

What are the three kingdoms of Domain Eukarya?

Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

What are the rest of Domain Eukarya grouped as?

Protists

How are species identified according to their animal classification?

By their last two: genus and species

What are protists?

Mostly unicellular, all eukaryotic

What kind of protist is a Protozoan?

Obtain nutrients by eating

What type of protists are slime molds?

Resemble and behave like fungi, but are not

What type of protists are algae?

Photosynthetic, produce their food from sunlight

What is a fungi?

Decompose dead organism and eat them for food

What are some examples of fungi?

Penicillin, yeast, athletes’ foot, bread mold

What part of a fungi is the mycelium?

A web of hyphae that branch digests food below ground

What part of a fungi is a mushroom?

The above ground part that produces spores for reproduction

How does fungi reproduce asexually?

Spores containing one set of chromosomes are produced on the underside of the mushroom and then released

How does fungi reproduce sexually?

The hyphae of two fungi join and the spores leave to grow a new fungi

What does the pollen of a flower do?

Protects sperm when carried away from the flower

What do the leaves of a flower do?

Main site of photosynthesis

What are the four major groups of plant life?

Bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms

What are Bryophytes?

seedless, nonvascular plants that reproduce using spores- Mosses

How did Bryophytes adapt for land?

They have a waxy layer that helps to retain moisture

What are seedless vascular plants?

Plants with veins-ferns

Why was vascular tissue an important adaptation?

The veins contain phloem and xylem which transport sugars and water to other parts of the plant

What is a gymnosperm?

plant that reproduces via exposed seeds: conifers, redwoods

Why was the adaptation of gymnosperms important?

Allowed plants to spread across the land

What is an angiosperm?

Flowering plants with seeds encased in fruit

How did animals first emerge?

600 million years ago from protists

What do all animals have/do?

Eat, nervous system, reproductive system, muscles, multicellular

Animal Phyla 1: Sponges

Lack of tissue or body symmetry

Animal Phyla 2: Cnidarians

Stinging cells and radial symmetry

Animal Phyla 3: Flatworms

Bilateral symmetry

Animal Phyla 4: Annelids

Segmented bodies

Animal Phyla 5: Mollusks

Soft bodies with a hard shell

Animal Phyla 6: Roundworms

Microscopic

Animal Phyla 7: Arthropods

Jointed appendages

Animal Phyla 8: Echinoderms

Water vascular system

Animal Phyla 9: Chordates

Most have backbones

What features do all members of the phylum Chordata share?

Hollow nerve chord, Tail, notochord, pharyngeal slits

What are most of the members of the Chordata phylum?

Vertebrates: they have an endoskeleton

What were the first vertebrates to evolve?

Fish

What are monotremes?

A type of mammal that lays eggs

What are marsupials?

A type of mammal whose babies mature in pouches

What are eutherians?

A type of mammal that is born fully developed with a placenta

What is genetic diversity?

Collection of genes within a population

What is species diversity?

The number of different species

What is ecological diversity?

The variety of ecosystems found on earth

How do producers get energy?

By using photosynthesis to get chemical energy

How do consumers get energy?

By eating producers or other consumers

What are the photosynthesis inputs?

Carbon dioxide and water

What are the photosynthesis outputs?

Glucose and oxygen

What is ecology?

The study of organisms and their environments

What is organismal ecology?

How organisms adapt to their environments through behavior

What is population ecology?

Factors that affect population size, growth, and density

What is community ecology?

Interactions among species

What is ecosystem ecology?

Energy flow and chemical cycling

What is global ecology?

Influence of energy and matter on organisms on a global scale

What is a biosphere?

The global ecosystem

What abiotic factors affect ecosystems?

Energy, wind, fire, temperature

What is a biome?

A type of ecological community that occupies a certain zone

What is the global water cycle?

Precipitation, evaporation, transpiration