Media industries, strat, plan

Exam 1

Broadcasting

sending the same audiovisual message to people simultaneously over the same channel ex- radio 

Electronic Media 

Any media form that requires an electrical system to operate ex- internet

Trends in electronic media 

convergence, consolidation, and monetization 

convergence

the act of two or more things coming together to form a unified whole ex- a smartphone, it combines a telephone, camera, internet and more

consolidation

the action or process of combining a number of things into a single more effective whole ex- major mergers of companies such as walt disney owning 20th century studios, abc, hulu and more

monetization 

the action or process of earning revenue from an asset, business, etc.

characteristics of electronic media

audience, delivery time, interactivity, distance, distribution technology, and storage

audience 

a target audience people they want to reach specifically usually at the same time 

delivery time 

synchronous- real time interaction (live) ex- superbowl 

asynchronous- there when you want to watch it ex- on a streaming platform 

interactivity 

media forms that allow feedback from auidence ex- dancing with the stars, love island

distance

the internet allows media content to be global (worldwide), not just local, regional, or national

ex- radio .99 (local) netflix (global)

distribution technology

broadcasting (waves), cable, satelittle, fiberoptic, streaming, downloadable, files etc

storage

saving content for the future ex- hard disk drive

samuel morse

Created the telegraph: only can communicate in code known as more code, 1844

alexander graham bell

 Created the telephone: talk to anyone verbally connected to wires, 1880

what made radio different?

compared to telegraph and telephones it transmits signals through the air as electromagnetic waves

Guglielmo marconi

heard about electromagnetic waves that exist in the air, experimented with send and receive signals, sent first successful signal in 1901 

Reginald fessenden

built an alternator that generates continous radio waves, supported wireless audio signal, spoke to naval ships through his wireless on christmass eve, 1906 

Lee de forest

invented the audion, the first series of technologies that could amplify wireless sound (make it louder), was sued by marconis company 

Radio after World war 1

radio is no longer under governmental control, it becomes a popular mass medium among the public (first public broadcast from KDKA in 1920)

Radio act of 1912

government regulation

radio stations had to be licensed by the department of commerce

certain frequencies were used for distress and emergency calls

helped to prevent interference from amateur radio and military

Radio act of 1927

FRC (federal radio commision) was created

assigned frequencies, reducing interference, assured licensing, licenses must operate in the public interest, gov cannot censor content  

AM Radio

1920’s-Present

AM (Amplitude Modulation) uses the height of the radio wave to carry sound better for talk radio and longer distances

wider reach but more static and lower sound quality

FM radio

1950’s-Present

FM (Frequency Modulation) uses the wave's frequency

offering better, higher-fidelity sound quality with less static than AM better for entertainment and music 

consolidation of radio buisness

few individual owners, large ownership groups ex- Iheart media, entercom

Impact of satellite and online radio formats

enhancing quality, increased variety programming, commercial free airing

early history of television

rca displays television (‘radio with pictures”) for the first time at 1939 worlds fair

david sarnoff (rca president) displays the first ever public televised images

Vladimir Zworykin

developed a method for reducing images to electrical signals and scanning them across a screen 

television after 1948

companies are focusing on Tv development and programming

FCC (federal communication commission) began licensing television stations 

 

Television stations 

VHF (very high frequency) channels 2-13

UHF (ultra high frequency) channels 14-69 (opened due to large number of license applications)

affiliation between networks and local stations

local tv stations sign affilication agreements with networks

• networks provide programming in exchange for share of advertising revenue 

• affiliates choose what network programs to clear (show to local audience) 

major broadcast networks

abc, cbs, nbc, fox

minor broadcast networks

ion, telemundo, comet, univision, Metv

ownership 

before 1996 a company could own 12 stations throughout the U.S

Now a company can own as many stations as logn as its less than 39% of the country 

biggest owners: nexstar- 197, 63%

sinclair- 191 39%

FOX- 25, 37%

local television

need network affiliation to survive

network owned and operated (o&o’s)

public television

most educations Tv stations are loosely affiliated (PBS)

owned by universities, school districts, nonprofit orgs

doesn’t produce its own programming, produced by individual stations or foreign companies 

CATV (community antenna television)

started in rural areas in 1940’s

brought local broadcast stations to people who could not recieve them with a home antenna

until new programming HBO, TBS, ESPN, CNN, MTV

cable is typically a local monopoly

companies negotiate licenses from cities/towns to operate cable system

CSOs (cable system operators) 

local cable companies

CSOs primarily operate on donations and grants.

MSO’s (multiple system operators)

a company that owns and operates multiple cable television systems 

ex- comcast, dish, driect tv, fios, spectrum  

profit from bundle packages, subscriptions, advertising

cable/ multichannel service

cable is sold in tiers

basic: local stations, public channels (local gov & education) 

digital services: popular national cable channel (cnn), video on demand, integrated streaming (disney +)

pay services: high demand commercial free services, premium entertainment (HBO, showtime, sports packages 

multiple pay services: bundled, several premium channels 

Satellite TV services (DBS) 

Uses satellites in geostationary orbit to broadcast television content directly to a small satellite dish at the subscriber's home

fiberoptic services

Transmits data using light pulses through thin strands of glass or plastic (fiber-optic cables). 

relationship between streaming dervices and internet providers 

complex, involving both competition for customers and cooperation through partnerships and data agreements

fragmentation

there are many more media options then ever before, so audineces for individual media products are smaller than ever (audience is seperated) 

segmentation 

media companies are figurijng out how to target very specific demographic groups despite fragmentation 

TV everywhere

a model where traditional cable and satellite TV subscribers can access content on-demand via mobile devices, computers, and smart TVs, anywhere they have an internet connection.

ex- A subscriber uses their cable account login to authenticate and stream content from a corresponding network's website or app.

economic model: subscription based

Users pay a regular fee for unlimited, ad-free access to content. Examples include Netflix and Disney+

economic model: advertising supported

Users can access content for free, but they must watch or listen to advertisements. Services like YouTube and Spotify's free tier operate this way.

economic model: hybrid 

Many services offer a tiered approach. Hulu was an early example of offering both a cheaper ad-supported plan and a more expensive ad-free plan. More recently, Netflix and Disney+ have introduced ad-supported tiers.

technology improvement

enabled downloadable and streaming audio/video, faster speeds, more bandwidth (a range of frequencies)