[APUSH] Ultimate Review

Mayflower Compact

1620- the first agreement for self- government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

William Bradford

a pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony. Developed:

-private ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

King Charles gave the puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the mass bay area. the colony established political freedom and a representative government

Puritan Migration

many puritans emigrated from england to america in the 1630s and 1640s. during this time the population of the mass bay colony free to ten times its earlier population

Anglican Church

the national church of england, founded by king henry VIII. included both roman catholic and protestant and ideas

John Winthrop

-first governor of Mass Bay Colony

-Puritan with strong religious beliefs.

-opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. helped organize the new england confederation in 1643 and served as its first president

Calvinism

protestant sect founded by john calvin. emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination. calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the serration of church and states.

Predestination

the idea that God decided whether of not a person would be saved as soon as they were born

Anne Hutchinson

she preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of throughout the church elders. she was forced to leave Massachusetts, her followers the antinomianists founded the colony of New Hampshire

-FORMED NEW HAMPSHIRE

Roger Williams

left mass colony and purchased the land from neighboring indian tribe to found the colony of rhode island. rhode island was the only colony at the time to offer complete religious freedom

Covenant Theology

puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: god's covenants with adam and with noah, the covenant of graces between God and man through Christ.

Voting Granted to Church Members

the mass general court passed an act to limit voting rights to church members

Half-Way Covenant

applied to those members of the puritan colonies weho were the children of church members, but who hadn't received grace themselves. the covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs

Thomas Hooker

"the father of american democracy"

-bc he said people have right to choose their magistrates

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first constitution written in america

Saybrook Platform

organized town churches into county associations which sent delegates to annual assembly which governed the colony of connecticut

Massachusetts School Law

first public education legistlations in america. declared that towns with more than 50 families had to hire a schoolmaster and towns with over 100 families had to found a grammar school

Harvard

founded by a grant from mass general court; followed puritan beliefs

New England Confederation

formed to provide for the defense of the four new england colonies and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies

King Phillips War

series of battles in new hampshire between the colonists and the wompanowogs, led by a chief know as king phillip. the war was started over the local indians. the colonists won with the help of the mohawks, and this victory opened up additional indian lands for expansion

Sir Edmond Adros

governor of the dominion of new england form 1686 until 1692

Joint stock company

company made up of a group of shareholders. each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts

Virginia

formed by the virginia company as a profit earning venture. starvation was the major problem. almost 90 percent of the colonists died in the first year, many survivors left, trouble attracting new ones. offered private land ownership in the colony to attract settlers, but the virginia company eventually went bankrupt and the colony went to the crown. virginia did not become successful colony until started raising and exporting tobacco

John Smith

helped found and govern jamestown, his leadership and strict discipline helped the virginia colony get through the difficult first winter

John Rolfe

discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in virginia and cure it for export, made va very successful colony

Virginia House of Burgesses

first legislative body in colonial america.

Georgia

military style colony, served as a place for poor, criminals, and persecuted protestants

James Oglethrope

founded the Georgia colony

Christopher Columbus

-italian born navigator

-found fame when he landed in the americas

-originally sailed across atlantic ocean to find a route to asia

-returned from expedition with gold, encouraging future exploration

Amerigo Vespucci

-explored south america

-discovery suggested they had found the new world

Treaty of Tordesillas

-commitment between spain and portugal

-created the papal line of demarcation, divided the new world, east and west; portugal and spain territories

New Spain

-spains tightly controlled empire in the new world

-mainly located in north and central americas, including the caribbean and spanish east indies

-to deal with labor shortages, the spaniards developed a system of large manors using native american slaves

Mercantilism

*economic philosophy that held that colonies existed to serve the mother country*

-founded on the belief that the worlds wealth was sharply limited and one country's gain was another's loss

-goal was to export more than you import

Queen Elizabeth 1

-invested in english raids on the spanish new world; spain responded with military force

-established protestantism in england and encouraged english business

Spanish Armada

-its defeat helped bring about the decline of the spanish empire in america

-english defeat symbolized england as an emerging sea power

Charter Colony

colonists were essentially members of a corporation; electors controlled government based on agreed-upon charter

Royal Colony

-had governor selected by England's king

Proprietary Colony

-owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king

Puritanism

-wanted to purify the church

-believed in predestination and the authority of scripture over papal authority

-culture in ideas: self-reliance, moral fortitude, and emphasis on intellectualism

Joint Stock Company

-used by colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions

-sold shares to investors who provided straight up funding

-in return, investors were paid on the profits of the expedition

-now used often today

Dutch West India Company

-joint stock company that ran the colonies in now-a-day New York

-carried profitable fur trade with the native american iroquois

Sir Walter Raleigh

-selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first english settlement

-returned to england for supplies, when returned the colony was deserted, unknown what became of the roanoke settlers

-this impeded english settlement for 15 more years

St. Augustine, Florida

-considered first permanent settlement in what would become the united states

Jamestown

-Virginia Company of London settled

-first permanent English settlement in the new world

-swampy location led to disease and contaminated water sources

-first colony to have slaves reach a british settlement

"Starving Time"

-period of starvation endured by jamestown colonists

-the colonists depended on trade with local indians for food supplies

-but a series of arguments caused the trade with local indians to be strained

-additional support from england helped ensure the long term survival

Indentured Servitude

-poor workers, convicted criminals and debtors were sent over; paid passage to work for a number of years

-had little control over the conditions of work, living arrangements; therefore, led to harsh and even brutal treatment

Virginia House of Burgesses

-first representative house in America

-instituted the private ownership of land but maintained the rights of the colonists

Headright System

-promised parcels of land to immigrate america

-also gave 50 acres for every servant a man brought

Delaware

-established by dutch patroons

-settled by Dutch West India Company; began to trade and settle in Delaware in mid to late 1630's

-ownership switched between dutch and english, finally ending with the english

Maryland

-first proprietary colony to serve as refugee for english catholics

-Lord Baltimore applied for the charter to create the colony

Acts of Toleration of 1649

-guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians in the Maryland colony

Anne Hutchinson

-claimed people could have relations with God, not just clergy and priests

-tried and banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for her 'antinomian' teachings

-founded now-a-day Rhode Island with other settlements that had sprung up in the area

Roger Williams

-fled from Massachusetts after his views on religious observance became too extreme for the colonists

-founded providence which later came together with Rhode Island

English Civil War

-conflict between King Charles and the English Parliament

-Charles claimed to have rule by divine right, Parliament argued that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the king

-ended in Charles and his son Charles II persecuted

Connecticut

-corporate colony established and recognized by England

-formed on set of laws know as the 'Fundamental Orders'

Thomas Hooker

-led a large group of Puritans to settle in the Connecticut River Valley

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

provided for representative government by those who were permitted to vote

-important example of the growth of political democracy

The Carolinas

-King James rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the puritan revolt

-attempted to make this a silk manufacturing colony with crops such as rice and indigo

-when this didn't work to attract people, rebellion arose against the proprietors and led to north and south carolina to being royal colonies

New York and New Jersey

-the land was given to the brother of the king, James

-James didn't believe in representative assemblies, people fought this for a while, when he finally relented, he again went against his word

-the region that became New Jersey was ruled a separate proprietary colony, and eventually became a royal colony

Quakers

-believed human religious institutions were largely unnecessary

-placed little importance on the bible bc could hear directly from god

-opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans

-strong believers in social equality and independance

William Penn

-founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for fellow Quakers

-advertised land openly and offered generous terms on land

-guaranteed representative assembly and full religious freedom

-settlers flocked from all over

John Locke and Natural Law

-took the idea from Sir Issac Newton; changed it to the human realm

-"life, liberty, and property" and if weren't protected governments could be overthrown justly

-went on to influence indirect theory of american ideals of benjamin franklin, and thomas jefferson

Triangular Trade

-created as result of mercantilism

-trade between Europe, Africa, and America

Navigation Acts

-said some products were to only go to one certain world of Britain

-served as the foundation of England's worldwide commercial system

-led to increased tensions between Britain and the colonies

Effect of the Navigation Acts

- hurt the colonists by lowering the price they received for their products, and raised what they had to pay

-brought on wars in holland for england

Bacon's Rebellion

-Bacon was upset by the governor of Jamestown not being able to protect them from Native Americans

-Bacon commanded two unauthorized raids on Native American tribes

-soon after Bacon marched to Jamestown and set fire

-ended by the aid of british military forces

-after this, people started turning to slaves instead of indentured servants

New Hampshire

-royal colony

-very dependent on Massachusetts

Dominion of New England

-created by king James that oversaw british colonies in the new england region

-helped protect colonies from french and native american forces

Half Way Covenant

-allowed grandchildren (not just children) to participate in church affairs even if not saved by God

Salem Witch Trials

-scandal in Massachusetss, around 20 women were executed

-no real basis for accusations

-similar to the red scares

The Enlightenment

-dictated that human reason was adequate to solve the problems of mankind, and therefore much less faith was needed

-came over from England to become a New World seed of culture

Deism

the universe was created by God and then abandoned; no supernatural controls would be exerted and all things were explainable by reason

John Peter Zenger

-established a legal precedent for freedom of the press

The First Great Awakening

-Series of religious revivals

-preachers spread the message of personal and emphasized faith as a way to avoid hell

-suggested an equality between God and the bible

-George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards became its most dynamic preachers

-more denominations were formed

-a number of colleges were founded by those who accepted the Great Awakening

-partly responsible for refuting the idea that salvation was only possible with predestined election

Jonathan Edwards

-preacher during the First Great Awakening that emphasized personal religious experience, predestination, and dependance of man upon God and his divine grace

-known for being a prominent Calvanist

French and Indian War

-rivalry between France, Britain, and various Native American tribes over the area of Ohio

-one of series of wars fought between france and england throughout the world at the time

-battles continued on european and american froths until Britain gained control of Canada

-one of the first times George Washington appeared as an able military leader

Albany Plan

-delegates met in New York to discuss plans for a collective defense

-rejected because thought of as demanding too great a surrender of power

William Pitt

-Britain's capable and energetic prime minister

-led Britain to virtually destroy the French empire in North America by focusing on the French headquarters in Canada

-Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended hostilies

Treaty of Paris of 1763

-ended the Seven Years War (French and Indian War)

-britain took canada and what would become the us west of the mississippi river

-france lost all of its north american holdings

-spain took the louisiana territory

-treaty marked the end of salutary neglect

Salutary Neglect

a relationship in which the British Parliament ignored the colonies, allowing them to develop their character without interference

Impact of the French and Indian War on British Colonial Policy

-britain set our to solve the large national debt incurred in recent conflicts

-it created a series of acts that raised taxes on american goods, leading to rebellious activities in the colonies

-acts included the proclamation of 1763, and other acts

Benjamin Franklin

-colonial writer, scientist, and others

-served in the continental congress and was a drafter and signer of the declaration of independence

Writs of Assistance

court orders that authorized customs officials to conduct non-specific searches to stop colonial smugglings

-allowed for the searching of homes, warehouses, and shops; this later turned into unreasonable searches and seizures in the fourth amendment

Proclamation of 1763

-forbade the white settlement west of the appalachians to reduce friction between native americans and settlers

-stated the native americans owned the land on which they were residing

-outraged the colonists because they believed that the successful outcome of the french and indian war should have allowed the settlement in the onion river valley

Sugar Act

-taxed goods imported to america to raise revenue for england

-meant to help assist england in recouping the debt it had taken on during the french and indian war

-taxed items like wine, cloth, coffee, and silk

Quartering Act

-required the colonies in which bristish troops were stationed to provide soldiers with bedding and other basic needs

-later colonists were protected from this happening by the third amendment

Stamp Act

-sole purpose was to raise revenue

-required the americans to use stamped paper for legal documents and newspapers and playing cards

-used the money to protect the colonists

Declaratory Act

-gave Britain the power to tax and make laws for americans in all cases

-followed repeal of the stamp act which colonists saw as a victory

-suggested that britain might pass more restrictive acts in the near future

Samuel Adams

-revolutionary resistance leader in massachusetts

-header the sons of liberty in mass

-worded with the committees of correspondence which provided communication about the resistance among colonies

-attend the first and second continental congress and signed the declaration of independance

Stamp Act Congress

-delegates of seven colonies met in new york to discuss plans for defense

-adopted the declaration of rights and grievances which stated that freeborn englishmen could not be taxed without their consent

Townshend Acts

-created by the british prime minister

-formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies such as paper, lead, glass and tea

-replaced the direct taxes of the stamp act

-led to boycotts by boston merchants and served as a key contributor to the boston massacre

Virtual Representation

-stated that the members of parliament represented all of britain and the british empire, even though members were only elected by a small number of constituents

-meant to be a response to 'no taxation without representation' emanating that the parliament was itself a representation of those being taxed

Boston Massacre

-occured when the british attempted to enforce the townshend acts

-british soldiers killed five bostonians

-though the british soldiers acted more or less with self defense, anti-royal leaders used the massacre to spur action in the colonies

Tea Act and The Boston Tea Party

-tea act was a concession that allowed the british east india company to ship tea directly to america and sell it at a bargain

-led to the boston tea party where citizens dressed as native americans and destroyed the tea on the british ships

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

-closed the port of boston to all trade until citizens paid for the lost tea

-allowed royal officials accused of crimes in massachusetts to be tried elsewhere

Methods of Colonial Resistance

-first responded with 'taxation without representation is tyranny'

-then organized committees of correspondence to share their view of british actions to neighboring colonies

-boycotted

-finally turned to violence; crowds took action against customs officials and against merchants who violated the boycotts

-some people still followed british and became known as 'loyalists'

First Continental Congress

-meeting in philadelphia of colonial representatives to denounce the intolerable acts and to petition the british parliament

-some suggested breaking from britain

-created continental association and forbade the importation and use of british goods

Battles of Concord and Lexington

-concord: site suspected by british general gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry

-lexington: the colonial troops withdrew

The Second Continental Congress

-GROUP was torn between declaring independence and remaining under british power

-the congress sent george washington to command the army around boston

-american ports were opened in defiance of the navigation acts

-wrote the declaration of independence

Battle of Bunker Hill

-colonists twice turned back a british frontal assault and they held off the british until the bunker hill force ran out of ammunition and was overrun

-led to strengthened american morale