part 4 history

Nathan Cole

A Connecticut colonist whose diary provides insight into religious experiences during the First Great Awakening.

Nathaniel Bacon

The leader of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia in 1676 against Governor William Berkeley.

Navigation Act of 1660

A British law requiring colonial trade goods to be shipped on English ships and controlled by England, supporting mercantilism.

Neolin

A Delaware religious leader who encouraged Native peoples to reject European influence and return to traditional ways.

“New Birth”

A religious experience emphasized during the First Great Awakening where individuals felt personally transformed through faith.

New England Primer

A widely used colonial textbook that taught children reading, religion, and Puritan values.

New Haven

A Puritan colony founded in Connecticut that later joined with Connecticut Colony.

New Lights

Supporters of the emotional religious revival of the First Great Awakening.

New Smyrna

A Florida settlement founded by Andrew Turnbull using indentured servants from Europe and the Mediterranean.

Newlanders

English settlers who arrived in New England and established new communities.

Nicholas Sension

A Connecticut man whose diary described Puritan religious beliefs and daily life.

Northwest Passage

A proposed water route through North America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Oceanic Revolution

The period when improvements in ships, navigation, and sailing technology allowed Europeans to explore the world more easily.

Ohio Company

A British land company created to promote settlement and trade in the Ohio Valley.

Old Lights

Traditional religious leaders who opposed the emotional style of the First Great Awakening.

Opechancanough

A Powhatan leader who resisted English settlement in Virginia and organized attacks against colonists.

Paleo Indians

The first people known to inhabit North America, arriving during the Ice Age by crossing Beringia.

Patriarchia

A work by Robert Filmer arguing that kings ruled with authority given by God.

Patrick Henry

A Virginia politician famous for opposing British taxation and declaring “Give me liberty or give me death.”

Patroons

Powerful Dutch landowners in New Netherland who controlled large estates and encouraged settlement.

Paul Revere

A colonial patriot famous for warning Americans of the approaching British army before Lexington and Concord.

Paxton Boys

A group of Pennsylvania settlers who attacked peaceful Native Americans in 1763.

Pedro Menendez de Aviles

A Spanish explorer who founded St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565.

Peter Minuit

A Dutch colonial leader who purchased Manhattan Island from Native peoples and founded New Amsterdam.

Peter Rembert

A colonial figure associated with early American society and slavery.

Peter Stuyvesant

The Dutch governor of New Netherland who surrendered the colony to the English in 1664.

Petit Treason

A legal term describing a crime where a person was accused of betraying a superior, such as a wife betraying her husband.

Petite Guerre

A style of warfare involving small-scale raids and ambushes used especially by Native peoples and French forces.

Philadelphia

A major colonial city in Pennsylvania founded by William Penn that became a center of trade and revolutionary activity.

Pinkster

A Dutch colonial festival later adapted by enslaved Africans and African Americans.

Piscataway

A Native American people who lived in the Chesapeake region.

Pocahontas

A Powhatan woman who became connected with Jamestown colonists and married John Rolfe.

Pontiac

A Native American leader who organized resistance against British expansion after the French and Indian War.

Pope (leader of Pueblo Revolt)

A Pueblo religious leader who organized the 1680 Pueblo Revolt against Spanish rule in New Mexico.

Powhatan

The Native leader whose confederacy interacted with the Jamestown settlers.

Praying Towns

Communities created by Puritan missionaries where converted Native Americans lived.

Presbyterians

A Protestant group influenced by Calvinism that emphasized church organization and elected leaders.

Presidio

A Spanish military outpost established to protect colonies and control territory.

Prince Henry the Navigator

A Portuguese royal figure who supported exploration, navigation, and the development of Atlantic voyages.

Proclamation Line of 1763

A British order restricting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains after the French and Indian War.

Proprietary Colony

A colony granted by the king to an individual or group of proprietors who governed it.

Providence (place)

The Rhode Island settlement founded by Roger Williams as a place of religious freedom.

Ptolemy

An ancient Greek geographer whose maps influenced European exploration.

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to reform the Church of England and create a more religious society.

Quakers

A Protestant group founded by George Fox that believed in equality, pacifism, and the Inner Light.

Queen Anne’s War

A 1702–1713 conflict between Britain and France that was part of European wars fought in North America.

Race-Based Plantation Slavery

A system where slavery became tied to African ancestry and race, especially in plantation colonies.

Radical Whigs

British political writers who warned against corruption and excessive government power.

Reconquista

The centuries-long Christian campaign to reclaim Spain from Muslim rule, completed in 1492.

Redemptioners

European immigrants who paid for passage to America through temporary labor contracts.

Regulators

Colonial groups, especially in North Carolina, who protested corruption and unfair local government.

Renaissance

A European cultural movement emphasizing learning, science, art, and exploration.

Repartimiento

A Spanish colonial labor system requiring Indigenous people to provide labor.

Requerimiento

A Spanish document claiming Spain had authority over Indigenous peoples and demanding submission to Christianity and Spanish rule.

Restoration

The return of the English monarchy in 1660 after the period of republican government.

Rice

A plantation crop important to the economy of South Carolina and connected to enslaved African labor.

Richard Frenthorne

A colonial writer who described experiences of indentured servants.

Richard Hakluyt, the Elder

An English writer who promoted exploration and colonization of North America.

Richard Hore

An English explorer involved in early attempts to settle North America.

Richard Nicholls

The English military leader who captured New Netherland from the Dutch and became governor of New York.

Robert Barclay

A Quaker writer who defended Quaker beliefs.

Robert Filmer

An English political theorist who defended absolute monarchy.

Robert Jenkins

A British sailor whose story was used to encourage support for war against Spain.

Roger Williams

A Puritan minister who founded Rhode Island and supported religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Rotten Boroughs

Small English voting districts with unequal representation in Parliament.

Royal African Company

An English company involved in transporting enslaved Africans to English colonies.

Royal Colony

A colony directly controlled by the English crown rather than private owners.

Saltbox house

A colonial New England house style with a long sloping roof.

Salutary Neglect

A period when Britain loosely enforced trade laws, allowing colonies to develop greater independence.

Samuel de Champlain

A French explorer who founded Quebec and helped establish French influence in North America.

Sarah Grosvenor

A Connecticut woman whose death became part of a colonial legal case involving abortion and women’s health.

Saratoga

The 1777 American victory during the Revolution that convinced France to support the colonies.

Schenectady

A New York settlement attacked during King William’s War.

Scots-Irish Immigrants

Protestant immigrants from Ireland who settled mainly in the American backcountry.

Scottish Immigrants

People from Scotland who migrated to the colonies and contributed to colonial growth.

Sea Dogs

English privateers who attacked Spanish ships during the Elizabethan era.

Sea Venture

An English ship wrecked near Bermuda that influenced the settlement of Virginia.

Seasoning Time

The period when enslaved Africans adjusted to conditions in the Americas, often involving forced cultural adaptation and survival.

Second Treatise on Government

A work by John Locke arguing that governments exist through consent and must protect natural rights.

Selectmen

Elected local officials in New England towns who managed community affairs.

Separatists

Puritans who wanted to completely separate from the Church of England, including the Pilgrims.

Sipapu

In Pueblo religion, a symbolic place representing emergence and the connection between humans and the spiritual world.

Sir William Johnson

A British official who worked with the Iroquois during colonial diplomacy.

Skraelings

The Norse term for Indigenous peoples encountered in North America.

Slave Society

A society where slavery is a central institution affecting the economy, politics, and culture.

Society with Slaves

A society where slavery exists but is not the main foundation of the economy.

Solomon Stoddard

A Puritan minister who influenced religious practices and supported expanded church membership.

Sons of Liberty

A colonial protest group that opposed British taxation and organized resistance.

Spanish Armada

A failed 1588 Spanish invasion fleet defeated by England.

Spanish Inquisition

A Catholic institution created to enforce religious conformity in Spain.

Squanto

A Patuxet Native man who helped the Pilgrims by teaching farming techniques.

St. Augustine

The first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States, founded by Spain in 1565.

Stamp Act

A 1765 British tax on printed materials that caused widespread colonial protest.

Starving Time

The difficult winter of 1609–1610 when many Jamestown settlers died from starvation and disease.

Strangers

Non-Pilgrim settlers who traveled on the Mayflower.

Suffolk Resolves

A 1774 agreement by Massachusetts colonists rejecting British authority.

Sugar

A major colonial cash crop that connected the Caribbean plantation system to slavery.

Sugar Act

A 1764 British tax on sugar and molasses designed to raise revenue from colonies.

Susan Warren

A colonial woman associated with studies of gender and family life.