St Peter's College Social Sciences Grade 9 geography and history Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the History and Geography content for Grade 9 Book 2, including World War I aftermath, Nazi Germany, and Mapwork skills.

armistice

An agreement to stop fighting.

treaty

An agreement to make peace and end a war.

The Big Four

The leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and the United States who dominated the Paris Peace Conference in 1919: David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando.

The Tiger

A nickname for Georges Clemenceau, the French Prime Minister (1917–1920) who demanded a harsh Treaty of Versailles to cripple Germany.

reparations

Repayments for war damage; for Germany, these were set at $132$ billion Gold Marks.

diktat

A term used by the German people to describe the Treaty of Versailles as an imposed or forced settlement.

November Criminals

The name given by angry Germans to the new government leaders who signed the armistice and Treaty of Versailles.

Weimar Republic

The new German government established after Kaiser Wilhelm fled Germany.

anti-Semitic

Prejudiced against or hostile toward Jewish people.

extremist

A member of a radical or revolutionary group.

right-wing

A moderate or conservative section of a government or political party.

minority

A smaller part of the larger group of the population.

Mein Kampf

The book meaning 'My Struggle' written by Adolf Hitler during his nine months in jail.

coup d’etat

An overthrow of the present government or a revolution.

treason

The crime of betraying one's country, especially by attempting to kill or overthrow the government.

Great Depression

A global economic downturn sparked by the Wall Street Stock Exchange crash in October 1929.

communism

An economic and social system in which all property and resources are collectively owned by a classless society.

Reichstag

The meeting place for the German parliament.

dictatorship

An authoritarian form of government characterized by a single leader or group of leaders with no political opposition.

SS (Schutzstaffel)

Known as the 'Black Shirts', they were loyal fanatics of Hitler responsible for destroying opposition and carrying out racial policies through force.

Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei)

The state secret police who could arrest citizens on suspicion and send them to concentration camps without trial.

Führer

A title meaning 'all-powerful leader' or 'The Leader'.

Aryan

The group the Nazis considered the 'master race', which included Germans, British, and Scandinavians.

Nuremberg Laws

Two 1935 antisemitic laws: The Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour and the Reich Citizenship Law.

Mischlinge

A Nazi term meaning 'half-breeds', used for persons with one or two Jewish grandparents.

untermensch

A Nazi term meaning 'sub-human', applied to groups considered inferior like Jews, Black people, and the disabled.

euthanasia

Technically 'humane killing', it refers to the Nazi campaign where between $70,000$ and $93,000$ mentally ill patients were gassed.

ghettos

Segregated, usually run-down and neglected areas within cities where Jewish people were forced to live.

Kristallnacht

Known as 'The Night of Broken Glass', a November 1938 event where Nazis murdered 91 Jews and destroyed businesses and synagogues.

Final Solution

The Nazi plan to round up anyone not deemed 'German enough', resulting in the Holocaust genocide.

lebensraum

The concept of 'living space' or extra land and raw materials needed for the growing German population.

Anchluss

The term used for the 1938 connection or union of Germany and Austria.

Axis powers

The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Allied powers

The alliance of Britain, France, Russia, and the United States of America during World War II.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

A milestone document proclaimed by the UN in Paris on 10 December 1948 setting out fundamental human rights to be universally protected.

Scale

A feature on a map that allows comparison of distance on the map with the actual distance on the ground.

Bearing

A precise way to determine direction using the degrees of a circle from $0^{\circ}$ to $360^{\circ}$.

Grid Reference

A system using numbers and alphabets to locate objects on a map.

Trigonometrical beacon

A map symbol occurring at the highest point of an area, showing a specific height and code.

Spot height

A small black dot on a map indicating the exact recorded altitude of a specific place.

Contour line

A brown line on a map that joins places of the same height above sea level.

Contour interval

The constant vertical difference in height between adjacent contour lines.

Concave slope

A slope that is gradual at the base and becomes steeper closer to the summit.

Convex slope

A slope that is steep at the base but becomes more gradual toward the summit.

Spur

A ridge of land indicated on a map by U-shaped contour lines that point downhill.

Valley

A depression in the land where rivers flow, indicated by V-shaped contour lines that point uphill.

Saddle

A depression found between two peaks or ridges.