covalent bonds

covalent bonding

between non metal atoms where electrons are shared in pairs to make a covalent bond

types of bonds

small molecules

polymers

giant covalent

properties of small covalent bonds

• low melting points because it doesnt take much energy to break the weak intermolecular forces

• cant conduct electricity because there are no charged particles that can move freely and carry charge through the structure

giant covalent examples

• graphite

• diamond

• silicon dioxide

• graphene

• nano tube

• buckminster fullerene

giant covalent properties

• strong bonds

• have a high melting point because it takes lots of energy to break

giant covalent structures - diamond

each carbon makes 4 strong covalent bonds

melting point:

• high melting point that takes lots of energy to break

electrical conductivity:

• it cannot because theres no space for electrons to move freely and carry charge

hardness:

• 3D structure

• no layers to slide

• hard

giant covalent structures - graphite

each carbon makes 3 strong covalent bonds

melting point:

• high melting point

• takes lots of energy to break

electrical conductivity:

• it can

• there are delocalised electrons which move freely and carry charge through the structure

hardness:

• there are layers of atoms which can slide over eachother

• not that hard

giant covalent structures - graphene

• 1 layer of atom thick

• transparent

• flexible

• good conductor

used for - flexible screens

giant covalent structures - buckminster fullerene

spherical

used for:

• lubricant

• deliver drugs

giant covalent structures - carbon nanotube

• good conductor

• long and thin

used for:

• wires in nano technology

• strengthen sports equipment