Perspectives of Psychology - Ch. 15 Psychological Disorders

Comorbidity

occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time

Approximately what percentage of American adults at some point in their life are going to suffer any kind of mental disorder?

45%

Which is the following criteria is NOT part of diagnosis mental disorders?

dangerous

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

neurodevelopmental disorders

neurologically based disorders that are revealed in a clinically significant way during a child's developing years

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

joint attention

the ability to make eye contact with others and to look in the same direction as someone else

Jolo is a 5-year-old boy who does not speak, waves his arms around a lot, does not make eye contact, and does not seem to connect with other kids or adults. Jolo may have which disorder?

ASD

Kelly fidgets a lot, blurts out what she is thinking, and makes many careless mistakes in her homework, even when she knows the answers. Kelly most likely would be diagnosed with which childhood disorder?

ADHD

psychotic disorder

Some disorders result primarily from disturbances of thought and perception; as a group

Schizophrenia

which involves profound disturbances in thought and emotion—in particular, impairments in perception, such as hallucinations

positive symptoms

symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; these include hallucinations, delusional thinking, and disorganized thought and speech. Typically, perception is poorly integrated as well

Hallucinations

convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus

Delusions

false beliefs, often exaggerated claims, that a person holds in spite of evidence to the contrary, such as the idea that one is Jesus Christ.

negative symptoms

these symptoms include nonresponsiveness, emotional flatness, immobility or the striking of strange poses (catatonia), reduction of speaking, and inability to complete tasks.

cognitive symptoms

problems with working memory, attention, verbal and visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, speed of processing, and disordered speech

diathesis-stress model

an explanation for how psychological disorders develop, in which a predisposition to a given disorder (diathesis) and specific factors (stress) combine to trigger the onset of the disorder

(biological predispositions plus stress or abusive environments together produce psychological disorders)

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

a. hallucinations

b. delusions of grandeur

c. catatonia

d. fatigue

c. catatonia

The heritability rate for schizophrenia is roughly..

a. 100%.

b. 60%.

c. 80%.

d. 25%

c. 80%

depressive disorder

the highest order category of depressive disorders and subsumes all forms of depression, including major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder.

major depressive disorder

a chronic condition characterized by enduring changes in mood, motivation, and sense of self-worth.

persistent depressive disorder

a form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder ; previously called dysthymia

How do psychologists define mental disorder?

disturbance of thought, emotion, or behavior,

dysfunction of biological or developmental processes,

distress or disability in everyday life (especially relationships or work), and

deviant thought, emotion, or behavior, but only if also

dysfunctional; deviance alone is not enough.

dysfunctional behavior

behavior interferes with everyday functioning, such as participating in everyday social relationships, holding a regular job, or being productive, and occasionally it can be a risk to oneself or others.

disturbance in behavior

-incoherent/disorganized

-impulsive, uninhibited

-posturing, unusual mannerisms

-social withdrawal, neglect of personal hygiene

-echopraxia

distressing behavior

behavior leads to discomfort, pain, or anguish, either in the person directly or in others, especially family members.

deviant behavior

literally means "different from the norm," or different from what most people do. It is important to point out, as the DSM-5 does, that _____________ behavior can be classified as disordered only if it is also dysfunctional.

Albert Einstein was ______________ in his intelligence and creativity, but he was not suffering from a psychological disorder.

promising research on the causes of autism spectrum disorder suggest that ______________ neurons may play a very important role in the behaviors of children with ASD.

mirror

psychotic disorders and psychological disorders are characterized by....

disturbances in thought and perception

learned helplessness

the sense of failure that results from repeated inability to control or escape from overwhelmingly stressful situations.

Psychological resilience

the ability to manage and recover from stress well—can reduce the likelihood of depression in people who have experienced severe stress and adverse childhood experiences

True or False? What is in your gut can cause depression.

True: The balance of the countless microorganisms in your gut plays an important role in not only immune response but also in long-term emotional states such as depression and anxiety.

bipolar disorder

a mood characterized by substantial mood fluctuations, cycling between very low (depressive) and very high (manic) moods.

Manic episodes (in bipolar disorder)

involve increased energy, sleeplessness, euphoria, irritability, delusions of grandeur, increased sex drive, and "racing" thoughts that last at least 1 week.

hypomanic episodes

symptoms of mania (ex. increased energy, euphoria, racing thoughts) but that are less severe.

same symptoms but shorter in duration—they last at least 4 days

D-I-G-F-A-S-T

D = Distractibility

I = Indiscretion

G = Grandiosity

F = Flight of ideas

A = Activity increased

S = Sleep (decreased need for)

T = Talkativeness

bipolar 1 disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

Bipolar 2

less severe because it involves meeting criteria for hypomania (at least 4 days).

Cyclothymia

a relatively mild form of bipolar disorder.

David went home for Christmas break and found that his mother, who was usually depressed, had just purchased dozens of birdhouses from a local gift store. She'd had each custom-wrapped and was planning to give them to all the extended members of the family and all her neighbors, whom she claimed to love like family. She had spent thousands of dollars. What might be going on with David's mom?

a. she had won the lottery

b. she has bipolar disorder

c. she has an overactive hypothalamus

d. she is just depressed

b. she has bipolar disorder

Which neurotransmitter is reduced in both the manic and the depressive phases of bipolar disorder?

acetylcholine

dopamine

norepinephrine

serotonin

serotonin

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

generalized anxiety disorder

a state of pervasive and excessive anxiety lasting at least 6 months

panic disorder

defined by frequent panic attacks and pervasive and persistent fear, worry, embarrassment, and concern about having future panic attacks

panic attacks

involve sudden changes in body and mind, characterized by an overwhelming sense of impending doom, heart palpitations, trembling, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, intense dread, nausea, and even a fear of dying.

social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

an anxiety disorder: fear of humiliation in the presence of others, characterized by intense self-consciousness about appearance or behavior or both.

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

which neurotransmitters have been implicated in bipolar disorder?

norepinephrine and serotonin

Three biological factors that make people vulnerable to anxiety disorders are deficiencies in

the neurotransmitter GABA, their genetic heritage, and their personalities

The occurrence of two or more disorders at the same time is known as

comorbidity.

Maya is so preoccupied with fears of embarrassing or humiliating herself in public that she avoids going shopping or out for walks in town. What disorder best describes this set of symptoms?

social phobia

People who are prone to anxiety are deficient in receptors for ________, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter.

GABA

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder that is manifested in both thought and behavior

RDoC is about

understanding the biology and psychology of mental illness

Field trials for the new DSM-5 included

2000 patients, 279 clinicians, and seven adult and four child psychiatric hospitals

Which of the following will become listed as a new disorder in DSM-5?

grief

An infant is neglected and deprived of regular cognitive stimulation. Moreover, the infant also suffers extreme malnourishment. In this case, which of the following observations in the infant's brain indicates that he or she is at risk of developing schizophrenia?

Enlargement in the fluid-filled spaces

Daniela suffers from schizophrenia. Given this information, which of the following is a symptom she is NOT likely to exhibit?

catatonic behavior

hypoxia

delusion

hallucination

Hypoxia

Which of the following abnormalities of the brain is observed in people suffering from bipolar disorder?

Which of the following is NOT a biological factor that makes people vulnerable to anxiety disorders?

Excessive glutamate production

Hazel suffers from a host of emotional issues. She is forgetful, has wavering moods, and also experiences inexplicable anxieties. Which of the following, if present, will make her most vulnerable to depression?

neuroticism

Dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

disorder occurring when a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities within one body

___________________ disorders are characterized by extreme splits or gaps in memory, identity, or consciousness.

disassociate

somatic symptom disorder

psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause

Somatic symptom disorder occurs when a person complains of multiple physical disorders that cause distress and disruption of the person's life and that persist for at least 6 months.

illness anxiety disorder

a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

Which of the following physiological structure is NOT one affected in post-traumatic stress disorder?

parietal lobe

The primary difference between somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder is

a. llness anxiety disorder has only somatic symptoms.

b. illness anxiety disorder does not have somatic symptoms.

c. only somatic symptom disorder involves persistent concern about bodily symptoms.

d. only somatic symptom disorder involves anxiety.

b. illness anxiety disorder does not have somatic symptoms.

personality disorders

maladaptive and inflexible patterns of cognition, emotion, and behavior that generally develop in late childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood

There are three distinct clusters of personality disorders: odd-eccentric, dramatic-emotional, and anxious-fearful

Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders

schizoid personality disorder

an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by a desire to avoid close relationships as well as by emotional aloofness, reclusivity, and a lack of humor.

People with ___________________ disorders do not want close relationships; are emotionally aloof, reclusive, and humorless; and want to live solitary lives. They always choose solitary activities; have little to no interest in sex; lack any close friends; and appear indifferent to praise or criticism from others.

schizotypal personality disorder

a dramatic-emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention and by dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behaviors.

People with ______________ disorders want very much to be the center of attention and often behave in very dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated ways.

paranoid personality disorder

an odd-eccentric personality disorder characterized by extreme suspicions and mistrust of others in unwarranted and maladaptive ways

Dramatic-Emotional Personality Disorders

histrionic personality disorder

the center of attention and often behave in very dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated ways.

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring suicidal gestures

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disturbance characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

The __________ may be dysfunctional in war veterans with PTSD.

HPA Axis

In personality disorders, which of the following factors most likely interacts with abusive experience to create psychological disturbances?

genetics