English 10 H Argumentative

How do you cite a website with a known author?

Last, First M. "Title of Page." Title of Overall Website, Date Published, URL. (Omit https:// from URL) Example: Mansharamani, Vikram. “Superbugs: The $100 Trillion Risk.” Fortune, 16 Jun. 2016, fortune.com/2016/06/01/antibiotic-superbugs-bacteria-e-coli.

How do you cite a journal article from a database (one author)?

Last, First M. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol., no., Publication date, p. one page or pp. page range. Database, shareable URL. Example: DiChristina, Mariette. “The Treasure Hunt Is On.” Scientific American, vol. 315, no. 2, Aug. 2016, p. 4. Academic Search Premier, https://libproxy.csun.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=116822704&site=ehost-live.

How do you cite a journal article with two authors?

Last, First, and First Last. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol., no., Publication date, pp. page range. Database, URL. Example: England, Kim and Kate Boyer. “Women’s Work: The Feminization and Shifting Meaning of Clerical Work.” Journal of Social History, vol. 43, no. 2, winter 2009, pp. 307-340. JSTOR, jstor.org/stable/20685389.

How do you cite a journal article with three or more authors?

Last, First, et al. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol., no., Publication date, pp. page range. Database, URL. Example: Parihar, Vipan K., et al. “What Happens to Your Brain on the Way to Mars.” Science Advances, vol. 1, no. 4, 2015, pp. 1-6. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0816-4.

How do you cite a website article with no author listed?

"Title of Article." Title of Website, Date Published, URL. Example: “The Death of the Artist—and the Birth of the Creative Entrepreneur.” The Atlantic, 28 Dec. 2014, theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/01/the-death-of-the-artist-and-the-birth-of-thecreative-entrepreneur/383497/.

What needs to be cited?

• Direct quotes

• Paraphrasing

• Another source’s research, ideas, or information

• Another source’s arguments or opinions

How do you create in-text citations for electronic sources?

Include in the text the first item that appears in the Works Cited entry (author name, article name, website name, etc.). Page numbers are often not required.

What is a claim?

The main argument of an essay. It defines the paper's goals, direction, scope, and exigence. It must be argumentative and specific.

What are the key components of the Classical Model of Argument?

○ Evidence: Support for the reasons offered and helps compel audiences to accept claims

○ Reasons: Statements of support for claims

○ Counterargument: A challenge to a position; an opposing argument

○ Concession: An acknowledgment or yielding of an opposing argument

○ Refutation: A counter to an opposing argument

What are the three types of evidence?

• Personal experience and anecdotes

• Facts and data/statistics

• Scholarly research and expert opinion

How do you establish credibility (Ethos)?

• Connect to shared values

• Cite trustworthy sources

• Admit limitations

• Speak directly to readers

• Use appropriate language/tone

What is a claim?

• The main argument of an essay

• Defines your paper’s goals, direction, scope, and exigence, and is supported by evidence

• Must be argumentative

• Specific

What are four myths about claims?

• A claim should be general so that lots of evidence in the text will support its argument

• A claim shouldn’t include everything the paper is going to say because then it “gives it all away” and eliminates the suspense.

• A claim should never be longer than a sentence.

• A claim should be true or correct beyond a doubt so the reader “buys” the argument.

How do you cite the title of a source?

For website articles or academic journal articles, place the title in quotes with period inside.

How do you cite the title of a container?

Websites, titles of academic journals, and databases will be italicized.

How do you cite a contributor?

If the editor is listed, Include the editor as a contributor followed by a comma

How do you cite a Version?

An article from an academic journal should include a version number. You may abbreviate as “vol.”

How do you cite a number?

An article from an academic journal should include a number. You may abbreviate as “no.”

How do you cite a publisher?

If the publisher is the same as the website name, you may omit this element.

How do you cite a publication date?

If the publication date is listed, include as day, then month, then year.

How do you cite a location?

The location of an online work should include a URL. You may omit the https:// portion of the URL .

What are three types of evidence?

○ Personal experience and anecdotes

○ Facts and data/statistics

○ Scholarly research and expert opinion

What are the four basic “moves” of the Classical Model?

1. Introduction

2. Give the reasons why the reader should share your opinion

3. Show that you are aware of the opposing views.

4. Conclusion

What should the “introduction” move include?

A. Convince readers that the topic is worthy of their attention.

B. Provide background information that sets the stage for the argument.

C. Provide details that show you as a credible source.

D. End with a thesis statement that takes a position on the issue or problem you have established to be arguable

What should the “Give the reasons why the reader should share your opinion” move include?

A. Provide support for the reasons.

B. Show why the reasons matter to the audience.

What should the “Show that you are aware of opposing views” move include?

A. Systematically present the advantages and disadvantages of the opposing views.

B. Respond to the opposing views with a concession and refutation.

What should the “conclusion” move include?

A. Summarize your argument.

B. Make a direct request for audience support.

The Rhetorical Triangle Model

Define Logos

Logos appeals to logic and reason, using evidence and arguments to present a rational case.

Arguments based on logos rely primarily on:

○ statistical data

○ expert testimony

○ research

○ historical fact

○ clear reasoning

○ an objective tone

Define pathos

Pathos appeals to emotion, aiming to evoke feelings such as sympathy, anger, or happiness to influence an audience. Strategies include

Language

The appeal to emotion can be evoked by descriptive and vivid

language, or even a visual image. Charged language can evoke an

emotional response that can make a writing more memorable.

Personal Story or Anecdote

Sometimes a writer appeals to pathos with a personal story or

anecdote.

Define ethos

Ethos appeals to credibility and character, persuading an audience by emphasizing the speaker's trustworthiness or authority.

You can establish credibility by

○ connecting your own beliefs to shared values

○ citing trustworthy sources and acknowledging them properly

○ admitting limitations and making concessions to objections

○ speaking to readers directly (using I or you)

○ selecting the appropriate language/tone (colloquial vs. formal)

Writers usually establish their authority by

● attaching titles to their names

● citing significant accomplishments or personal experience

What are three ways to respond to a counterargument?

Ways to respond to a counterargument

● _____DENY___________: My opponent is factually wrong.

● ______MINIMIZE__________: My opponent is partially

correct, but not in a significant way.

● _______OUTWEIGH_________: My opponent is correct about

the problem, but their proposed solution is worse than the

problem

Why use counterarguments?

Ignoring or dismissing any position not in agreement with yours demonstrates bias, while addressing one or more counterarguments demonstrates that you are reasonable.

Either-Or Fallacy

This fallacy (also known as “false dilemma”) occurs when a speaker or writer makes a veiled threat by reducing a complex issue to two options: either you see it my way or this bad thing will happen. “You’re either with us or you’re with the terrorists” exemplifies the either-or fallacy. Such thinking cuts off the possibility of middle ground or compromise. In addition, this fallacy can artificially limit choices to direct opposites, such as “Either everyone should be allowed to carry a gun or no one should.”

Hasty Generalization

This fallacy occurs when an inference or conclusion is drawn on the basis of insufficient evidence. For instance, if you make an argument that a company is guilty of ageism because your grandfather applied for a job and was not hired, you risk making a hasty generalization. If there is, indeed, a pattern of failing to hire people over a certain age, then you might have a case -- but not hiring one person is not a pattern. Note that stereotypes are often formed as a result of hasty generalizations: for example, women and bad drivers; men won’t ask for directions

Bandwagon Appeal

Go with the crowd! That’s essentially the fallacy that occurs when an argument is based on the logic that because a number of people believe something, it must be true or right. So, for instance, you might argue that because millions have used the latest herbal diet supplement, then it must be both safe and effective. Advertisers often use bandwagon appeals in an attempt to persuade consumers that large sales translate into proof of excellence or -- perhaps with even faultier logic -- that because a celebrity endorses a product, so should you.

Appeal to Pity

Appeals to pity tap into and exploit our feelings, such as indignation, enthusiasm, compassion, fear, ambition, desire for belonging. Appeals to emotion are often used in calls to action—donate, buy, vote, join, do me this favor, etc

Authority Fallacy

The fallacy of irrelevant authority is committed when you accept without proper support for his or her alleged authority a person's claim or proposition as true. Alleged authorities should only be used when the authority is reporting on his or her field of expertise, the authority is reporting on facts about which there is some agreement in his or her field, and you have reason to believe they can be trusted.

Ad Hominem

Latin for “to the man,” this fallacy takes place when a speaker or writer attacks the character of his or her opponent rather than the opponent’s ideas. This is a way to shift attention from the issue to the person. For instance, in an argument in favor of the construction of a new school building, someone might point out that a person holding an opposing view was recently fined for speeding or texting while driving. That face may not be admirable, but it’s unlikely to have any connection to the person’s credibility when it comes to new school construction.