UTZ A

Probes 

• Also called as transducers

• it produces sound waves that have frequencies above threshold of human hearing 

Linear Probe

Used in small areas and superficial structures

For breast, thyroid, blood vessels 

Curvilinear probe

Used in deeper, large organs 

For abdomen, pelvis 

Phased Array

 Used for examining the heart

Endocavitary probe 

For endometrial 

Inserts in vagina or in rectum 

Condom and gel are essential (gel → condom → gel) 

Transvaginal Ultrasound 

Is used to see the internal organs in the pelvic area (only if there is with contact and consent) 

It uses an endocavitary probe 

Patient is in lithotomy position 

Transrectal Ultrasound

Is used to see the internal organs in the pelvic area (used if there is NO contact) 

It uses an endocavitary probe 

Patient is in Sims position 

Always ask the patient first if with contact or not 

Breast Ultrasound 

For breasts 

Right is always right when scanning 

Scanning in clockwise and away from the nipples 

12-12 with zones A-C 

Thyroid Ultrasound 

For thyroid nodules 

It uses linear probe 

Whole Abdomen Ultrasound 

 

Used for examining the abdomen except for the colon 

Used for diagnosis of fatty liver, kidney, gallstone 

Uses curvilinear probe 

2D echocardiography 

For examining the heart 

Uses phased array 

Sonographer

The one who operates the equipment that uses sound waves 

Sonologist

The physician who integrates sonographic findings 

Radiologic Technologist 

Perform medical exams 

Radiologist

the physician who specializes in radiology that reads the radiograph

Period

the time taken for one complete cycle 

measured in seconds or microsecond (s or μs) 

Wavelength (λ) 

the length or distance of space over which one cycle occurs 

it is the length of a wave or cycle 

measured in millimeters (mm) 

Amplitude

it is the maximum displacement that occurs in an acoustic variable (depth, height) 

amplitude is defined by the difference between the peak (maximum) or trough (minimum) of the wave and the average value 

unit of amplitude expressed in Pressure parameter → Pascals or MPa 

Frequency

It is the number if cycle that occurs in one second 

measured in hertz or Hz 

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) 

number of pulses occurring in 1s and is usually expressed in kHz. 

Pulse Repetition Period (PRP) 

time from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next. usually expressed in microseconds

Pulse Duration (PD) 

time it takes for one pulse to occur. 

Velocity 

gano kabilis ang sound na magtravel through a particular medium

measured in m/sec

velocity of a sound wave in a medium is related to its wavelength and frequency. 

Power

is the rate of energy transferred through the sound wave 

Intensity

Concentration of energy in a sound wave 

It is dependent on the power (watt) and the cross sectional area (cm2) of a sound beam 

1794 – Lazzaro Spallanzani 

First to study Ultrasound Physics by deducing Bats (echolocation) 

1826 – Jean Daniel Colladon 

Uses church bell (early ultrasound “transducer”) to calculate Speed of Sound through water 

Proved sound travelled faster through water than air 

He originally studied law 

1842 – Christian Andreas Doppler 

He suggests that the frequency of a sound wave depends on the speed of the source “Doppler Effect” 

1880 – Pierre & Jacques Curie 

Discovered the Piezo – Electric Effect which can be seen on the probes, phone watch it is located on the crystals that generate electric charge

1915 – Paul Langevin 

After Titanic Sinking (1912) he invented the hydrophone (1st transducer) to detect icebergs and submarines during the WW1 

1942 – Karl Dussik 

The first physician to use ultrasound for medical diagnosis (brain tumor) 

He is a psychiatrist / neurologist 

He is the earliest pioneer of sonography 

1948 – George Ludwig M.D 

First described the use of ultrasound to diagnose gallstones 

He is an American professor and chairman of medical research 

1953 – Inge Edler and Hellmuth Hertz 

Performed the first successful echocardiogram 

Swedish and studies mitral stenosis 

Edler is the father of echocardiogram 

1958 – Ian Donald 

Pioneer of OB-GYN Ultrasound 

CAS (congenital anomaly scan) Ultrasound can see the baby abnormalities 

1950s – Douglass Howry & Joseph Holmes 

Pioneer of 2D B-mode Ultrasound 

Early 1950s 

Early scanning technique required the patient to be immersed in a bath of water in order to provide good transmission of sound wave into the body. 

Late 1950s 

The first contact compound B-scanner (using olive oil as a lubricant) was developed. This equipment used an articulating arm to produce static images 

1966 – Don Baker, Dennis Watkins, and John reid 

Pulsed Doppler Ultrasound Technology for veins 

1970s 

Continuous wave Doppler, spectral wave Doppler and Color doppler ultrasound instruments 

Red and Blue = blood flow 

1980s – Kazunori Baba 

3D ultrasound technology and captured three-dimensional images of a fetus in 1986 

1990s 

4D (real time) capabilities and ultrasound guided biopsies 

International Society of Ultrasound Obstetrics and Gynecology 

ISUOG 

World Federation for Ultrasound In Medicine and Biology 

WFUMB