Ap Euro Chapter 14-15 Unit 2 Test

What factors motivated European expansion?

New unknown lands, economic motives, finding new trade routes, and spreading Christianity, especially Catholicism.

What role did the Ottoman Empire play in European expansion?

The expansion of the Ottoman Empire closed many overland trade routes, which caused people to look for oversea ones.

How did centralized monarchies enable European expansion?

Centralized monarchies had the resources and power to expand.

Describe population trends in the 16th-17th century.

In the 16th century, population increased due and in the 17th they decreased.

What contributed to witchcraft crazes and who was mainly hunted?

Social tensions, the church, and the lower quality of life. Mainly old women were hunted.

What religious issues contributed to beginning of Thirty Years War?

Struggle between Catholics (Catholic League) and Protestants (Protestant Union), especially Calvinists

What were the four phases of the Thirty Years War?

Bohemian phase, Danish phase, Swedish phase, and Franco-Swedish phase. 

Why was France entering the Thirty Years War significant?

They were Catholics supporting Protestants for secular reasons.

What treaty ended the Thirty Years War and why is it significant?

The Peace of Westphalia. It renewed the Peace of Augsburg and included Calvinism. Weakened HRE and gave other countries territory. 

What were the major outcomes of Thirty Years War?

Territory was gained and lost. Secular matters were now more important than religion.

Describe military revolution in 1500s-1600s

Included firearms. New more effective strategies. Armies became more organized and strict. Ships got bigger and better.

What is absolutism. How divine-right used to justify it? 

A form of government where all authority is in the hands of one monarch. Used divine right by saying the monarch was selected by God and was only under God.

Who was Cardinal Richelieu?

Louis XIII’s chief minister. Strengthened the monarchy and reduced the Huguenot’s power. Got rid of noble’s plots against the king.

Who was Cardinal Mazarin?

Ran the kingdom for Louis XIV until he died. Crushed noble uprisings.

Intendants

Royal officials that executed orders from the king. Kept the monarchies power strong.

How did Louis XIV keep control over the nobles?

Moved the court to Versailles and kept nobles distracted with court life. Removed people he didn’t like. Bribed people.

Edict of Fontainebleau and how it demonstrated absolutism.

Revoked Edict of Nantes and ordered destruction of Huguenot churches and Protestant schools. King Louis wanted to be in charge of everything, including religion.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Controller of general finances and used mercantilism to increase the wealth of France.

Palace of Versailles

Residence of king, government building, and home of officials and courtiers. 

Purpose of war for King Louis XIV

Went to war due to his increase in power and hunger for glory.

What four major wars did King Louis XIV fight?

War of Devolution, Dutch war, War of the League of Augsburg/9 years war, and War of Spanish Succession. 

War of the Spanish Succession

Philip V was set to inherit the Spanish throne, even though he was the grandson of Louis XIV. The result of the war was that Philip would inherit the throne, but France and Spain could never unite.

What lead to Brandenburg-Prussia

Fredrick William made a deal with nobles to let him run the country if they got to control peasants, had no taxes, and had ranks in the army.

How did the Thirty Years War mark a change in the Habsburg family?

No longer had the hope of an empire in the west. Expanded into the south and east instead.

What were Peter I the Great’s reforms to Westernize Russia?

Reorganized army and created senate. Split Russia into provinces and tried to control church. Introduced western manners.

Great Northern War

Russia wanted to open a port easily toe the rest of Europe for trading, eventually got what the wanted.

Impact of Peter the Great’s reign

Made Russia a great military power, but this puta burden on the people in the lower classes.

Political changes in Denmark

Tried to expand but lost. Monarchy was reestablished as absolute.

Political Changes in Sweden

Poor. Stable monarchy by reducing noble’s power. After Adolphus died, his sister inherited the throne, but wasn’t very good. Charles XI tried to make monarchy strong again. 

What parts of Europe did the Ottoman Empire have control of?

Tried taking over Balkans, but had internal problems. Then seized more land in Balkans and Mediterranean. Eventually land siege to Vienna, but failed and started to decrease.

How did Poland limit the power of the monarchy?

Sejm, a two-chamber assembly with landowners, towns people, lawyers, etc. Mostly focused on making sure laws wouldn’t affect local matters. Bad because Sejm could be dismissed if one person disagreed.

Dutch Republic’s golden age

Recognized by Peace of Westphalia. House of Orange tried to become monarchs, but people didn’t like that. Economic decline due to war. Lots of art.

What issues created tension between Parliament and king during James O and Charles I.

James I believed in divine right. Didn’t listen to the Puritans and made himself head of the church. Charles ghosted Parliament for 11 years. Had Catholic allegations. Tried forcing people of Scotland to have Book of Common prayer.

English Civil War

Charles I tried to arrest members of Parliament and they said no. Parliament sent out New Model army and Cromwell, who captured the King. But then, Parliament was arguing over religion, Charles I escaped, but then was recaptured and executed. 

Restoration of Charles II

Charles II was popular. Parliament had more power. Charles II passed Declaration of Indulgence, which took away laws against Catholics and Puritans. Then Parliament passed Test Act, which only let Anglicans hold positions of power. When his Catholic brother came to power, people had had enough.

Glorious Revolution

People invited William of Orange to invade England and then William and Mary became joint sovereigns. Bill of Rights gave people rights and set England up for a constitutional monarchy.

How were Tomas Hobbes and John Locke influenced by events of 1600s

Hobbs did not like what was happening in England because he believed in divine right. Locke thought that people should rebel if the government tried to get rid of their rights. So he liked what was happening in England.

Mannerism

Did not had balance and used disproportion to express emotion in religious paintings.

Baroque

Mixed Renaissance and Mannerist art. Used by rulers and the Pope to demonstrate power.

What were the accomplishments in theatre in the 1500s-1600s?

Works were written in the vernacular and people of various classes in England could watch plays. Authors like Shakespeare, Vega and Rapine were popular at the time.

Who conquered the Inca?

Francisco Pizarro

What was the first English settlement?

Jamestown

Who is associated with circumnavigating the globe?

Magellan

First captain to make it to India

Gama

What were the European advances in maps and cartography?

One was Mercator projection, which showed land masses, most accurate closest to equator.

What were the European advances in Ships and navigation?

Built better ships and used tools like compass and astrolabe. Understood wind and current patterns better.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese and founded school for navigators.

What were the goals and results of Portuguese exploration?

Wanted to spread Christianity. Found gold, enslaved people , established trade, found a route to India. Got spices. 

How was Spain’s exploration efforts different from Portugal’s? 

Tried expanding across Atlantic through Columbus. Also had more resources that allowed them to explore more.

Why did Columbus sail west and who sponsored him?

He had a miscalculation and believed that Asia wasn’t that far away. He was sponsored by Spain.

What was the impact of Columbus’ expeditions?

It inspired other people to explore and started the Columbus exchange.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided the New world between Spanish and Portuguese.

Who sponsored the conquistadors and why were they successful?

Sponsored privately and successful due to weapons, organization, native rivalries and the diseases they brought with them.

What was the impact of the conquistadors?

They conquered the Aztec Empire, captured Inca empire, spread disease, etc.

Encomienda system

Permitted Spanish to collect tribute and use indigenous people for labor in exchange for paying and taking care of them. However, they were almost never actually taken care of.

What was Bartolome de Las Casas’ stance on Indigenous people?

He wanted people to stand up against the horrors being committed against Indigenous peoples.

What was the administrative system that Spain developed in the Americas?

Created two administrative unites: New Spain and Peru. Each ruled by viceroys, which represented the crown.

Impact of disease on the Americas

Killed 30-40% of Indigenous peoples and allowed the Spanish to take over. This would also increase the slave trade.

How did European expansion into the Americas impact the slave trade?

Due to lack of Indigenous workers, Europeans turned to slavery to provide them with labor.

Triangular trade network

Connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas through the trading of slaves and goods.

What were the conditions on the slave ships?

They were closely packed, without room to stand up and it was extremely unsanitary. About 10% of the people died on the journey there.

When did efforts to eliminate the slave trade finally gain traction?

When the Society of Friends/Quakers began to criticize it during the French Revolution.

What countries seized control in Southeast Asia and what did they control?

Spain- the Philippines, Dutch-Sri Lanka and other island, English- India, French- India, Portugal- India and spice islands, but Dutch eventually took over.

What was the impact of the British East India Company?

A joint stock company that caused the British to expand in to India. Collected taxes from the people.

How did the Chinese limit contact with Europeans?

Limited trade by only allowing it on one island for part of the year.

How did the Japanese change their response to Europeans over time?

At firs they were welcome, but eventually the Catholic missionaries were expelled.

What was the British Empire like in the Americas?

Developed plantations with slaves and produced a lot of sugar. Took over Dutch settlements and renamed it New York.  

What was the French Empire like in the Americas?

Developed plantations with slaves  and had a slave uprising. Claimed Canada, but eventually surrendered lands to British.