SIAD Final

structural racism

a system in which public policies, institutional practices, cultural representations, etc. perpetuate racial group identity

health inequities

health differences that are closely linked with social, economical, and/or environmental disadvantage

social determinants of health

conditions in the places where people are born, live, learn, work, and play that affect a wide range of health and quality of life risks and outcomes

social gradient in health

the correlation between socioeconomic status and health; at each level of socioeconomic status there is a difference in health

public health

the science of protecting and improving the health of communities through education, promotion of healthy lifestyles, and research for disease and injury prevention

epidemiology

the study of disease frequency, determinants of disease and other conditions, and the pattern and distribution of disease and other conditions in a population

natural selection

the differential survival and reproduction of different phenotype in a population

evolution

a change in the genetic composition of a population over time

3 of the sustainable development goals

zero hunger; good health and well-being; clean water and sanitation

2 great public health achievements

vaccination; motor-vehicle safety

What is the current approximate population of the US?

341 million

What percentage of the US population lived below the poverty line?

11%

How many people in the US lived below the poverty line?

37 million

What was the poverty threshold for a family of 4?

$30900

What is the current approximate world population?

8.2 billion

What is the definition of extreme poverty?

living on less than $2.15 per day

How many people in the world were living in extreme poverty?

838 million

What percent of the global population was living in extreme poverty?

10.5%

What were the top 3 global causes of DALYs?

covid-19; ischemic heart disease; neonatal disorders

What were the top 3 causes of DALYs in low SDI countries?

covid-19; neonatal disorders; other covid outcomes

describe how natural selection can lead to the evolution of drug-resistant strains of

mutations that occur during replication of HIV create genetic (heritable) variation among the population of viruses within an infected individual. These mutations create heritable variation in phenotype among the population of HIV particles in an infected person. For example, some of the viruses in this person will be resistant to antiretroviral drugs

the presence of an antiretroviral drug in the bloodstream provides selection pressure and gives selective advantage to drugR viruses. The drugR viruses have a greater ability to survive and reproduce in the presence of the drug compared to other variants. (i.e. differential survival and reproduction)

DrugR viruses therefore produce more new viruses than drugS viruses do (differential survival and reproduction). Over time, drugR viruses will make up a larger proportion of the viral population in the infected person (i.e. DrugR viruses become more common in the next and subsequent generations). As a result, the viral population evolves to become predominantly drugR.