AP Psych Topics

dispositional attribution

attributing a behavior to DISPOSITION or internal factors

situational attribution

attributing a behavior to a situation

self-serving bias

believing that actions a

fundamental attribution error

people usually interpret other’s failures as dispositional

self-fulfilling prophecy

when attributions impact behavior outcome. in educatio, called the rosenthal effect

sensorimotor stage

piaget stage 1 - acting on present objects, developing object permanence

preoperational stage

piaget stage 2 - symbolic thought (using schemas that aren’t present), can’t do mental operations yet

concrete operational stage

piaget stage 3 - can access schemas, perform mental operations, but limited by their personal experiences

formal operational stage

piaget stage 4 - can think theoretically

inferential statistics

confidence of claiming that results aren’t due to chance

null hypothesis

hypothesis that a treatment has no effect

type 1 error

rejecting the null, but it’s really true

type 2 error

accept the null, but it’s really false

barbiturates (ex: seconal, nebutal)

depresses CNS, inhibits arousal centers, decreases anxiety, very addictive, when mixed w/ other substances can be deadly

tranquilizers (ex: xanax, valium, librium)

depresses CNS, inhibits arousal centers, reduces anxiety w/o inducing sleep

amphetamines

stimulates CNS, increases temp and HR, increases dopamine/norepinephrine, may be addictive

norepinephrine

arousal, attention

cocaine

stimulates CNS, increases temp and HR, increases dopamine/norepinephrine, may be addictive, increased abilities

primary drives

unlearned - hunger, thirst, sleep

secondary drives

learned - money, affection

counterconditioning

response to a stimulus is replaced by something else

aversion therapy

pair an aversive stimulus with a behavior to decrease behavior

systematic desensitization

replacing bad response with better response

implosion

imagining the disruptive stimulus

behavior contracting

therapist-client contract for rewards/behaviors

internal validity

extent to which results aren’t to chance

eclectic psychology

borrowing things from different schools of psychology

adrenocorticotropic hormone

stressful situations (cortico=cortisol)

when do children begin walking by?

14/15 months

when do children begin sitting/crawling by?

7 months

when do children run for the first time?

21 months

how long does short term memory last?

a few seconds to a minute

elaborative rehearsal

transferring something into LTM meaningfully

dual-coding hypothesis

a word and picture together are easier to remember

method of loci

recalling info by location

groupthink

members in a group are driven to make a decision, they lose touch of repercussions - more likely when groups are isolated, lack diversity, a dictatorship, or high pressure, by Irving janis

mindguard

a person in a group who criticizes/ostracizes outliers

ceiling effect

when the dependent variable “maxes out”

antisocial personality disorder

person has disregard for others

primary reinforcer

unlearned/natural reinforcer

secondary reinforcer

learned reinforcer

symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome

intellectual disability, low birth weight, poor social skills, poor coordination

sclera

protects/forms substance of the eye

cornea

protects eye, allows light to bend, allows focus

aqueous humor

maintains pressure/nourishment in eye

iris

behind cornea, allows light to enter the eye

lens

allows focus

vitreous humor

supports shape of eye

retina

has photoreceptors (rods/cones)

optical nerve

ganglion axon, where your blind spot is

pinna

outer part of ear

ossicles

bones that amplify sound

semicircular canals

has fluid/balance

cilia

hair on organ of corti

place theory

place of cilia affects pitch of sound we hear

sensorineural hearing loss

damage to cilia/auditory nerve

conductive hearing loss

damage to ossicles/middle ear

medulla oblongata

hindbrain - breathing, blood pressure, reflexes

pons

hindbrain - sleep cycle, communication b/w forebrain and hindbrain, bladder

cerebellum

hindbrain - “little brain” —> regulates posture, balance, muscle tone, implicit memories/associations

reticular formation

hindbrain - attention/arousal, conciousness, sleep cycle

tectum

roof of midbrain

tegmentum

floor/relay station of midbrain

occipital lobe

visual processing lobe

visual cortex

cortex for processing images

temporal lobe

lobe for auditory processing

primary auditory cortex

cortex that governs hearing

wernicke’s area

audial processing

parietal lobe

lobe for sensory processing

somatosensory cortex

cortex governing skin/sensory info

frontal lobe

lobe for motor, judgement, and problem solving

broca’s area

speech production/comprehension

prefrontal cortex

executive functions to control cognition

primary motor cortex

controls movements

limbic system

emotional regulation

hippocampus

long term memory, declarative memory, helps form new memories

amygdala

fear, memory consolidation, stress

hypothalamus

regulates autonomic nervous system and hormones, sleep cycles, respiration, and eating

babinski reflex

splaying toes in response to strokes on the soles of feet

moro reflex

splaying limbs resulting from loss of support

what were the howard gardner intelligences?

linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial-visual, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalist

lazarus model of stress

emphasizes cognitive appraisal

general adaptation syndrome - hans selye

alarm —> resistance —> exhausted

negative triad

depression about yourself, your world, your future

brainwaves during nrem1

alpha

brainwaves during nrem2

theta

brainwaves during nrem3

delta

brainwaves during rem

beta

personality inventory

a self-assessment method, often a standardized questionnaire, that reveals insights into an individual's character

aerial perspective

distant objects are paler, less detailed, and usually bluer than near objects

stereopsis

3d image

retinal convergence

when both eyes move inward in order to focus on a particular point or object

monocular cues

2d

binocular cues

3d

endorphins

pain relievers

attachment anxiety

some difficulty/inhibition in attachment

reactive attachment disorder

inability to attach to others

acetylcholine

faster heart contractions, assoc w/ nicotine

psychological reactance

the way in which a person thinks or behaves when they perceive a threat to their freedom

yerkes-dodson law

moderate difficulty/arousal is always best