Anatomic Sciences Board Review

Articulation

area where bones are joined to each other

Process

General term for any prominence on body surface; usually attachment sites for muscles, ligaments, tendons, or articulation site

Mandible

only moveable bone of the skull at the temporomandibular joint

Cervical muscles

Muscles of facial expression

Muscles of mastication

Hyoid muscles

Muscles of the tongue

Muscles of the soft palate

Muscles of the pharynx

Seven Main Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck:

Origin

Where the muscle originates

Insertion

Where the muscle attaches to the more moveable structure

Sternocleidomastoid trapezius

Trapezius

what are the cervical muscles?

Sternocleidomastoid trapezius

Responsible for

-Tilting and rotating the head and neck

-Flexing the neck

-Stabilizing the neck

Trapezius

Responsible for:

-Lifting and rotating the shoulders

-Dorsal Flexion of the head

-Twisting Head

Orbicularis Oris

Buccinator

Risorius

Zygomaticus

Levator anguli oris

Depressor Anguli Oris

MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION include

Orbicularis Oris

Muscle of facial expression responsible for Closing or pursing the lips

Buccinator

Muscle of facial expression responsible for:

Flattens cheek

Assists in chewing

Assists Muscles of mastication

Risorius

Muscle of facial expression responsible for allowing a person to smile widely

Zygomaticus

Muscle of facial expression responsible for:

Smiling

Raising Upper Lip

levator anguli oris

muscle of facial expression responsible for smiling

Depressor anguli oris

muscle of facial expression responsible for frowning

facial nerve (CN VII)

All facial muscles are innervated by the

facial artery

All facial muscles receive blood supply by the

bone

In general, facial muscles have origins with

skin tissue

In general, facial muscles have origins with bone, and insertions in

masseter

temporalis

Medial pterygoid

lateral pterygoid

what are the muscles of mastication

Masseter

Muscle of Mastication involved in Elevation of the mandible during jaw closing

Temporalis

Muscle of Mastication involved in

Elevation of the mandible during jaw closing.

Retraction of the mandible

medial pterygoid

Muscle of Mastication involved in Elevation of the mandible

Lateral pterygoid

muscle of mastication responsible for:

Slight depression of the mandible during opening.

Protrusion of the mandible

Lateral Deviation of the mandible (shift lower jaw)

masseter

what muscle of mastication is most likely to become enlarged due to bruxism?

lateral pterygoid

what muscle of mastication is most likely to be affected by trauma to TMJ?

mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

All muscles of mastication are innervated by the

maxillary artery

All muscles of mastication receive blood supply by the

mandible

All muscles of mastication INSERT into the

mastication

swallowing

muscles of hyoid and pharynx assist in actions of

Suprahyoid

Infrahyoid

hyoid and pharynx muscles are grouped into what categories?

hyoid bone

ALL HYOID BONES INSERT ON THE

none

what bones does the hyoid bone articulate with?

Mylohyoid

elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth

supra hyoid muscles

Group of hyoid muscles responsible for depression of the mandible

Mylohyoid

Geniohyoid

Stylohyoid

Digastric

swallowing

what action are supra hyoid muscles responsible for

V3

VII

the supra hyoid muscles are innervated by what nerves?

Infrahyoid muscles

group of hyoid muscles responsible for stabilizing the hyoid bone:

Sternothyroid (C1-C3)

Sternohyoid (C1-C3)

Omohyoid (C1-C3)

Thyrohyoid (C1-C3)

swallowing

speech

the Infrahyoid muscles are responsible for what action

Speaking

Swallowing

Middle Ear Function

Muscles of pharynx are involved in:

Stylophayngeus

Pharyngeal Constrictor

Muscles of the Soft Palate

Muscles of the pharynx include:

Stylophayngeus

phayrnx muscle responsible for Lifting and widening the pharynx

Pharyngeal Constrictor

phayrnx muscle responsible for Raising the pharynx and larynx pushing food into the esophagus during swallowing

CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve)

what is the Stylophayngeus innervated by?

pharyngeal plexus

what is the Pharyngeal Constrictor innervated by?

Palatoglossus muscle

palatophayngeus

levator veli palatini

tensor veli palatin

uvula muscle

pterygomandibular fold

what are the muscles of the soft palate?

Palatoglossus muscle

Soft palate muscle responsible for elevating the posterior portion of the tongue

Palatopharyngeus

soft palate muscle responsible for tensing the soft palate to pull the pharyngeal walls superiorly, anteriorly, and medially during swallowing.

Levator veli palatini

soft palate muscle responsible for elevating the velum to create closure between oral and nasal cavities.

Tensor Veli Palatin

soft palate muscle responsible for assisting the levator veil palatini to prevent entry of food into the nasopharynx when swallowing.

Uvula Muscle

soft palate muscle responsible for shortening the uvula.

Pterygomandibular fold

Tissue that extends from the junction of the hard and soft palates down to the mandible and stretches upon opening (RAPHE)

Palatoglossus muscle

muscle of soft palate responsible for:

Elevates base of tongue

Depresses soft palate

INITIATES SWALLOWING

oral cavity from pharynx

the Palatoglossus muscle separates the

pharyngeal plexus

the Palatoglossus muscle is innervated by

palatine rugae

median palatine raphe

incisive papilla

palatal tori/torus

what are the structures of the hard palate?

Palatine Rugae

A series of transverse ridges on the anterior part of the palatal mucosa

Median Palatine Raphe

Raphe running across the palate from the palatine uvula to the incisive papilla

Incisive Papilla

An oval midline mucosal prominence of the anterior hard palate overlying the incisive fossa.

Palatal Tori/Torus

Benign bone tumors of the maxilla that elevate the midline of the palate

Lingual Frenum

structure on the floor of the mouth that is the midline fold of tissue from the ventral surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

Sublingual Fold/Plica Sublingaulis

Structure on the floor of the mouth that appears as a v shaped ridge of tissue on each side of the frenum, that FUNCTION to empty the sublingual glands

Sublingual Caruncle

Structure on the floor of the mouth that is a small papilla on the lingual frenum, acting as duct openings for submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

4

the muscles of the tongue include ___ sets of intrinsic muscles and three pairs of extrinsic tongue muscles.

3

the muscles of the tongue include four sets of intrinsic muscles and ____ pairs of extrinsic tongue muscles.

inside the tongue

The intrinsic muscles are entirely

lingual nerve (v3)

Chorda tympani

what nerves innervate the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

what nerves innervate the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

shaping the tongue

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue are responsible for _____ and consist of:

Superior longitudinal

Transverse

Verical

Inferior Longitudinal

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) motor

innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue is by the

lingual artery

blood supply of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue is by the

moving/controlling position of the tongue

extrinsic muscles of the tongue are responsible for ______ and consist of:

Genioglossus

Styloglossus

Hypoglossus

Genioglossus

extrinsic muscle of the tongue that is responsible for protruding the tongue.

Styloglossus

extrinsic muscle of the tongue that is responsible for retracting the tongue

Hypoglossus

extrinsic muscle of the tongue that is responsible for depressing the tongue

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Motor innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue include

Anterior ⅔ = lingual nerve (V3) and chorda tympani

Posterior ⅓ = glossopharyngeal nerve

Sensory innervation of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue include

lingual artery

blood supply of extrinsic muscles of the tongue is

Foliate

Circumvallate

Fungiform

Filiform

Foliate lingual papillae

what are the forms of tongue papillae?

Foliate

Tongue papillae that contain taste buds (taste buds are red in color)

Circumvallate

Large tongue papillae that contain taste (10-14 present), and are associated with Von Ebner's glands

Fungiform

Tongue papillae that are present in fewer concentrations and are mushroom shaped, that contain taste buds (red/pink in color)

Filiform

Tongue papillae that are most numerous, but DO NOT contain taste buds. - give tongue a velvety texture associated with geographic or hairy tongue.

Foliate Lingual Papillae

Tongue papillae that are located on the lateral surface of the tongue, some contain taste buds that are red in color.

Sulcus terminalis

Separation of ⅓ posterior and ⅔ anterior portions of the tongue with the foramen cecum at the point

Foramen Cecum

Remnant of median thyroid diverticulum in early embryonic development/origin of the thyroid gland.

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

the joint between the temporal bone and the mandible that is known as the hinge and sliding joint

Temporal Bone

part of TMJ that includes the articular eminence, articular fossa, and postglenoid process.

Manndible

Part of TMJ that includes the condyle of the mandible, the coronoid process, and the mandibular notch

Joint Capsule

Part of the TMJ that completely encloses the TMJ by wrapping around the margin of the articular eminence, articular fossa, and around the circumference of the condyle.

Articular Disc

Part of the TMJ that divides the TMJ into two compartments (synovial cavities), CREATED BY DENSE CT that can thin over time or dislocated.

Synovial Cavities

Two compartments of the TMJ created by the articular disc where synovial fluid is produced to lubricate the joint

TMJ ligament

Sphenomandibular ligament

Stylomandibular ligament

Ligaments of TMJ include

speech

mastication

movement of TMJ allows for movement of the mandible for

Gliding

Rotation

what are the two basic movements of the TMJ?

pain, headache, tinnitus, impaired hearing, pain around the tongue, pain in area of TMJ/muscles of mastication, limitation or deviation in movement of mandible, detectable sounds during movement of mandible

TMJ disorders are characterized by

Clenching

Grinding

Bruxism

Parafunctional Habits associated with TMJ Disorder include

Trismus

Limited ability to open the mouth due to contraction of the muscles of mastication (lockjaw)

Hypomobility

Limited ability to open the mouth