Clinical Use of GI Drugs - 1

Antiemetic

Phenothiazine, Muscarinic antagonists, Histamine antagonists, Metoclopramide, Serotonin antagonists, Glucocorticoids, Neurokinin-1 antagonists, and Mirtazapine are all GI drugs with what effect?

Emetic

Apomorphine, Xylazine, Dexmedetomidine, and Ropinirole are all GI drugs with what type of effect?

Prokinetic

Metoclopramide, Cisapride, Erythromycin, and Lidocaine are all GI drugs with what type of effect?

Anti-ulcer

Antacids, Histamine-2 receptor antagonists, Sucralfate, Proton pump inhibitors, and Prostaglandin analogues are all GI drugs with what effect?

Anti-diarrhea

Mucosal protectants and adsorbents, motility modifiers, and antimicrobial therapy are all GI drugs/treatments with what effect?

Appetite Stimulant

Capromorelin, Mirtazapine, Cyproheptadine, and Diazepam are all GI drugs with what purpose?

Cathartics

Bulk-forming laxatives, Stool softeners, Lubricants, Saline hyperosmotic agents, and stimulants are all GI drugs called laxatives or what other term?

Emesis

The induction of what is usually useful in intoxication situations, in which the vomiting center/specific receptors are stimulated by a drug? a-agonists in cats and apomorphine or ropinirole in dogs are both examples of drugs that cause this.

A-agonists

Which drugs, including xylazine and dexmedetomidine, are used to cause emesis in cats?

Apomorphine

Which emetic drug is a dopamine agonist, is effective in dogs and not cats, can be given PO/IV/SC or through conjunctival and gingival membranes but not IM? It causes vomiting in 5-10 minutes but does not work well in sedated and motionless animals.

Dopamine

Apomorphine and Ropinirole are agonists on what receptor to cause emesis?

Ropinirole

Which emetic drug is a dopamine agonist, is effective in dogs, and is given as eye drops?

Xylazine, Dexmedetomidine

Which two drugs are a-adrenergic agonists used to cause emesis mainly in cats? They stimulate the CRTZ and cause profound sedation and hypotension. Monitoring of the patient is required.

Motion Sickness

The vestibular system, involving ACh-M1 receptor antagonists and H1 and H2 receptor antagonists, is involved in what condition treated by antiemetic drugs?

Vomiting

The CRTZ center, involving D2 receptor antagonists, H1 and H2 receptor antagonists, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, and NK1 receptor antagonists is involved in what condition treated by anti-emetic drugs?

Vestibular

What system of the CNS is involved in motion sickness? It uses AChM and H1/H2 receptors.

CRTZ

What system of the CNS is involved in vomiting? It uses D2, 5-HT3 and NK1 receptors.

Phenothiazine

Which tranquilizer drugs are dopamine antagonists and are used for anti-emesis? They include chlorpromazine and acepromazine, work as a-adrenergic antagonists in the vomiting center, have broad spectrum antiemetic effects, sedation, altered involuntary movements, and vasodilation.

a-adrenergic

Phenothiazine tranquilizers are antagonists of what receptors in the vomiting center? This is in addition to their dopamine antagonism.

Dopamine

Phenothiazine tranquilizers are antagonists to what receptors?

Chlorpromazine, Acepromazine

What two drugs are examples of phenothiazine tranquilizer antiemetics?

Muscarinic

Antagonists to what receptors, including atropine, are non-selective, are effective in cases of vestibular stimulation and CRTZ stimulation for antiemesis? Adverse effects are typical, such as xerostomia, decreased stomach emptying, ileus, urine retention, and constipation.

Histamine

Antagonists to what receptors, such as diphenhydramine and dimenhydrinate, are antiemetics which also have antimuscarinic effects? They are safe but can lead to sedation.

Metoclopramide

What antiemetic drug uses 3 mechanisms, (inhibition of D2 dopamine transmission, peripheral GI effects such as increased emptying, and inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors) prevents vomiting due to GI disease, and can lead to excitement and other behavioral changes?

Serotonin

Antiemetic drugs that are antagonists to what receptors include ondansetron and dolasetron, are 5-HT3 antagonists, have short half-lives, are given SQ, and may cause constipation, sleepiness or head shaking, though uncommonly? They are useful in cancer chemotherapy, gastroenteritis, pancreatitis, and IBS.

Dolasetron

Ondansetron and what other drug are antiemetics which are antagonists to serotonin receptors?

Dimenhydrinate

Diphenhydramine and what other drug are antiemetic drugs which are histamine receptor antagonists?

NK-1

Antiemetic drugs that are antagonists to what receptors include maropitant, interact with the vomiting center, are very effective, are given SQ due to the first pass effect, are broad spectrum antiemetics, have good safety profiles, and can cause analgesia leading to decreased coughing?

Maropitant

What drug is an antiemetic drug which is an NK1 antagonist?

Mirtazapine

Which drug is an appetite stimulant, is technically a tricyclic antidepressant, is also an antiemetic stimulant, and is used in cats with CKD? It has no proven effectiveness in dogs. It is a 5-HT3 and 5-HT2 antagonist.

Cyproheptadine

Which appetite stimulant is a histamine and serotonin antagonist, and is effective in cats but not in dogs? It can be used longterm in cats and also causes sedation, and paradoxical hyperexcitability, or anticholinergic effects.

Capromorelin

Which appetite stimulant is a Ghrelin receptor agonist, is used in dogs and cats, and is used with CKD in cats and cancer in both? It is given as an oral solution.

Ghrelin

Capromorelin is an appetite stimulant which is an agonist on what receptor? This chemical is secreted by the stomach, and helps control food intake, peripheral metabolism, and other endocrine processes.