Microbiology Chapter 5: Eukaryotic Cells – Structure and Organelles (Vocabulary)

Vocabulary flashcards covering major eukaryotic cell structures and organelles described in the lecture notes.

Endosymbiotic theory

Eukaryotic cells arose when a larger prokaryotic cell engulfed a smaller prokaryotic cell, leading to organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Nucleus

Genetic center of the cell; site of RNA synthesis.

Nucleolus

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Interconnected network of membranous sacs that synthesize and transport cellular substances.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes on its membrane; involved in protein synthesis, transport, and storage.

Eukaryotic flagellum

Thicker, structurally distinct motility organelle covered by an extension of the cell membrane.

Cilia

Hair-like structures used for cell movement and movement of substances along surfaces.

Glycocalyx

A protective, carbohydrate-rich layer on the cell surface that supports biofilm formation and protection.

Cell wall

Structural support and shape for certain eukaryotic cells (e.g., plants, fungi, algae).

Cytoplasmic membrane

Selective permeability barrier that mediates cell-to-cell interaction and signal transport.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic reticulum lacking ribosomes; functions in lipid synthesis and nutrient processing.

Golgi apparatus

Collects, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to their final destinations.

Lysosomes

Intracellular digestive organelles that break down macromolecules.

Ribosomes

Protein synthesizers; assemble amino acids into proteins.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; site of electron transport and ATP production.

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments that anchors organelles, moves RNA and vesicles, and enables shape changes and movement.

Chloroplasts

Found in algae and plants; convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Motility in eukaryotic cells

Movement of eukaryotic cells (often via cilia and flagella); eukaryotic flagella are thicker and have a membrane extension compared to prokaryotic flagella.