period 2 vocab apworld

caravel

a small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the portuguese and spanish in the exploration of the atlantic

volta do mar

“return through the sea,” a 15th century portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents in the atlantic (west of africa)

circumnavigation

sailing completely around something, such as the world

treaty of tordesillas (1494)

agreement between portugal & spain which declared newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the atlantic would belong to spain and lands to the east of the line would belong to portugal

VOC

vereenigde oostindische compagnie (dutch east india company)

BEIC

british east india company

joint-stock company

a company made up of a group of shareholders. each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company’s profits and debts

columbia’s exchange

the biological diffusion of plants, animals, & epidemic diseases between the old world (eurasia and africa) and the new world (the americas) following columbus’ voyages in the late 15th c.

manila galleons

spanish trading ships that scalded across the pacific ocean from the western mexico to the Philippines, carrying SIVLER to exchange for asian luxury goods

tainos

the indigenous peoples columbus came in contact with in the west indies (native americans)

smallpox

highly contagious, viral disease, characterized by fever and skin sores; brought to the new world from the old world during the colombian exchange

conquistadores

spanish adventures who conquered central & south america during the 16th c.

viceroy

royal governors sent by spain to rule the latin american colonies in the king’s name

audiencias

courts/jurists appointed by the spanish king who reviewed the administration to the viceroys in the spanish colonies in the latin america

peninsulares

european-born colonists in latin america that were born IN spain or portugal (from the iberian peninsula)

criollos

persons of european descent (usually spanish), but who were born in the americas

mestizos

persons of mixed spanish and native american descent

mulattoes

persons of mixed european and african descent

zambos

persons of mixed native american and african desecent; lowest tier of spanish colonial caste system, with no rights whatsoever

hacienda

spanish owned plantations in latin america

encomienda system

system in spanish america that gave settlers the right to tax and demand labor from native people in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills

engenho

portuguese owned sugar mills in brazil; the term also came to symbolize the entire complex process of sugar production

indentured servitude

labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically 5-7 years, in exchange for transportation (to the new world), food, clothing, lodging, and other necessities

métis

people of mixed native american and french canadian descent

penal colony

a colony to which convicts are sent as an alternative to prison

triangular trade

trade of slaves, manufactured goods, and raw materials between europe, africa, and the west indies from the 16th-19th c.

middle passage

voyage across the atlantic ocean between west coast of africa and the caribbean islands/americas; the longest part of the journey formerly made by slave ships

manioc

tropical plant grown for its starchy, tuberous roots; a staple crop in latin america (aka yuca, so yummy 🤤 !!!) and west africa

maroons

runaway african slaves in the west indies in the 17th and 18th centuries

syncretism

a blending of 2 or more religious traditions

vodun (voodoo)

a black religious cult practiced in the caribbean and southern US, combing elements of roman ritual with traditional african magical and spiritual rites

jesuits

members of the society of Jesus, a roman catholic religious order founded by ignacio’s of loyola; active missionaries in the spanish and portuguese colonies in the americas, africa, and asia

balance of power

condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries

mercantilism

an economic poly under which nations south to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

capitalism

an economic system based on free enterprise and the private ownership of capital

absolute monarchy (absolutism)

a political system where a ruler/monarch holds absolute authority (total power); often legitimized by claims of “divine right”

westernization (of russia)

policies of czar peter the great (russia) to adopt western european ideas, technology, and culture, to promote modernization and encourage business with the west

mercantilism

economic policy under which nations (through actions of their governments) sought to increase wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by exporting more goods than they imported

forbidden city

walled palace complex in beijing (built during ming dynasty) that served as a residence for ming and quinn emperors and their palace bureaucrats and concubines

ming dynasty

ruled over china from 1368 - 1644; initially sponsored massive fleets of ships to collect tribute around the south china sea and indian ocean, but later withdrew from these missions and concentrated efforts on internal development within china and the fortification of the great wall

manchus (qing dynasty)

a people, native to manchuria, who conquered and ruled china during the qing dynasty (1644 - 1912)

bakufu

military-style government of the japanese shogun

“gunpowder empires”

muslims empires of the ottomans, safavids, and mughals that employed cannonry and gunpowder to advance their military causes

ghazi

a warrior of islam

janissaries

christian boys taken through the devshirme system, who converted to islam, and rigorously trained as infantrymen to serve the ottoman sultan; eventually rose as an elite fighting force in the ottoman empire

sikhism

monotheistic religion, founded in northern india in the 16th c., combined elements of hinduism and islam

sufism

a group of devotional movements in islam, focused on spiritual rituals (as opposed to doctrine and sharia law)

twelve shiism

largest branch within the shi’a sect of islam; defined by its belief in 12 divinely appointed imams, who are considered the rightful spiritual and political successors of the prophet muhammad

qizilbash

swordsmen calvary of the safavid empire; fought (and lost to) to the ottoman janissaries in the battle chaldiran (1514)

cultural conservatism

tendency in traditional societies to favor continuity of customs, practices and beliefs over any new innovations or progress

divine faith

introduced by the mughal emperor, Akbar in 1582 CE, his idea was to combine islam and hinduism into one faith, but also to incorporate aspects of Christianity, zoroastrianism and jainism

vodun (voodoo again but it has more info)

a haitian faith that combine the animist beliefs from west africa with roman catholicism; evidence of the syncretism crated when european and african beliefs merged

santeria

cuban religion that combines catholics and west african beliefs

virgin of guadalupe

an apparition of the virgin mary said to have appeared to a mexican farmer (juan diego) in 1531. became an icon in mexican catholism

protestant reformation

a religious movement of the 16th c. that began as an attempt to reform the roman catholic church and resulted in the creation of protestant churches

lutheranism

religious doctrine developed by martin luther in the 16th c; believed could be achieved by faith alone, not good works

calvinism

protestant sect founded by john calvin in the 16th c.; emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination. they supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state

anglican church

form of protestantism set up in england after 1534; established by the act of supremacy during the reign of gentry VIII, with the monarch as the head of the church of england

english civil war (1642 - 1649)

armed conflict between royalists (supporters of charles I) and parliamentarians (led by oliver cromwell); resulted in the victory of pro-parliament forces & the execution of charles I

glorious revolution (1688 - 1689)

bloodless overthrow of king james II (catholic); est. william and mary (james daughter/protenstant and william of orange-netherlands) as new constitutional monarchs of england — after they constented to the english bill of rights in 1689

limited monarchy

government in which constitution or legislative body (like parliament) limits the monarch’s powers; est. in england as a result of the manga carta (1215) and the english bill of rights (1689)

enlightenment

european intellectual movement beginning in the 17th c.; focused on rational thought and the understanding of natural “natural laws” that govern human societies; politically emphasized limited government, natural rights, and individual civil liberties

seven years’ war (1756 - 1763)

conflict fought between european powers in europe, south asia, north america, and the caribbean; in north america it was also known as the “french and india war” (fought between the english and the french, along with their native american allies)