Quizlet 1 Exam

Chapter 1

macroscopic anatomy

gross anatomy, study of large body structures, visible to naked eye

divided into regional and systemic anatomy

microscopic anatomy

the small structures that are not seen

developmental anatomy

structural changes throughout lifetime

body organization

1. chemical level - atoms form molecules, molecules form organelles (basic components of cells)
2. cellular level - vary in size, shape, and function
3. tissue level - groups of similar cells with common function (epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous)
4. organ level - complex functions become possible
5. organ system level - organs working together
6. organism level - sum total of all structural levels working together

organ systems

cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, urinary, integumentary, skeletal, muscular system, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, reproductive

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1\.3 IN TEXTBOOK

digestive system

takes in nutrients, breaks down, eliminates unabsorbed matter

mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

respiratory system

takes in oxygen, eliminates or gets rid of CO2 from the body (lungs and air sacs)

lungs. Other respiratory organs include the nose, the trachea and the breathing muscles (the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles)

cardiovascular system

distributes oxygen and nutrients via blood to all the body cells, and delivers waste and CO2 to disposal organs

heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries

urinary system

eliminates Nitrogen waste and excess ions

kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra

integumentary system

protects body from the external everything, I made up by your hair, skin, and nails

(or plasma membrane - single-cell, creates cell barrier from the outside world): every organism must maintain boundaries so that the internal does not go external

skeletal system

protects and support the organs, framework for the muscles, blood cells are formed through hematopoiesis, stores minerals, made up of bones and joints

bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

GO MORE IN DEPTH

muscular system

manipulation of the environment, facial expression, posture, heat, etc.

composed of muscle fibers,

Muscles, attached to bones or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction

Each organ or muscle consists of skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and blood or vascular tissue

nervous system

control system of the body

The nervous system has two main parts: The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body

brain and spinal cord

endocrine system

hormones

the glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body

the hormones released by the endocrine system control many important functions in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, and reproductionhypothalamus.

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal body, the ovaries, the testes.

lymphatic system

white blood cells and immunity to viruses or diseases, attacking foreign substances in the body

bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessel

reproductive system

he tissues, glands, and organs involved in producing offspring (children)

in women, the reproductive system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina

in men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis

In women, the reproductive system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis

what systems allow movement

muscular, skeletal, cardiovascular

what systems allow responsiveness

nervous system, endocrine system

what systems allow digestion

digestive, urinary, nervous, cardiovascular, muscular

what systems allow metabolism

digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine

what systems allow excretion

digestion, urinary

requirements for life

oxygen, nutrients, narrow range of temperature, narrow range of atmospheric pressure, and water

homeostasis

bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously

dynamic state of equilibrium, varies within a very small range

homeostatic control

communication is essential with nervous and endocrine system, neural electrical impulses/hormone communicators

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stimulus → receptor → input (info to control center) → output (information is sent to the effector) → response (the effector responds and returns to homeostatic levels)

negative feedback loops

output shuts off original effect of stimulus or reduces its intensity

examples - regulation of body temperature, the withdrawal reflex, endocrine system very important with the control of blood sugar and insulin levels

positive feedback loops

causing variable to deviate further from the original value, same direction as initial change, typically set off through a linked sequence of events (“cascades” amplify original stimulus)

oxytocin with labor contractions, blood clotting, fever

LOOK AT THOSE PRESENTATIONS FOR MORE EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS

anatomical position

standard body position - body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms face forward, thumbs point away

superior

above or farther towards the top

inferior

below, farther towards bottom

anterior

in fornt of

posterior

behind

medial

towards midline

lateral

away from midline, outside

intermediate

between a more medial and more lateral structure

proximal

closer to the origin of the body, closer to the attachment of the limb than the part it is being compared to

distal

farther from the attachment of the limb

superficial

closer to the body’s surface

deep

farther away from body’s surface

sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides body into right and left

midsagittal - lies exactly in median

parasagittal - offset from midline

frontal plane (coronal plane)

divided body into anterior and posterior

transverse or horizontal plane

divides body into superior and inferior parts, lies horizontal anywhere along the body from head to foot

oblique sections

cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical planes, seldom used

anabolism

Anabolism requires energy to grow and build

Anabolism is a biochemical process in metabolism where the simple molecules combine to generate complex molecules. This process is endergonic, which means it is not spontaneous and requires energy to progress the anabolic reaction

catabolism

Catabolism uses energy to break down

Catabolism is what happens when you digest food and the molecules break down in the body for use as energy. Large, complex molecules in the body are broken down into smaller, simple ones. An example of catabolism is glycolysis. This process is almost the reverse of gluconeogenesis

metabolism

Metabolism is a balancing act involving two kinds of activities that go on at the same time:


1. building up body tissues and energy stores (called **anabolism**)
2. breaking down body tissues and energy stores to get more fuel for body functions (called **catabolism**)

FIGURE 1.4 IN TEXTBOOK

blood pressure

involves negative feedback loop, heart rate falls when blood pressure rises, and vice-versa when blood pressure falls, thus modulating blood pressure fluctuations

childbirth

The release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland during labor is an example of positive feedback mechanism. Oxytocin stimulates the muscle contractions that push the baby through the birth canal. The release of oxytocin result in stronger or augmented contractions during labor

fever

Deviation of hypothalamic temperature away from this point activates appropriate responses in the opposite direction to return the body temperature to the normal level

osmoregulation

Osmoregulation is an example of a negative feedback, homeostatic control system

maintaining the balance between water and dissolved constituents (salts in solution) in the body

temperature regulation

negative feedback goes on throughout the body at all times

the human body regulates body temperature through a process called thermoregulation, in which the body can maintain its temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different

What are the definitive features of human life?

organization - organization of levels (before term)

metabolism - cellular reactions

responsiveness - utilization of nervous system external or internal, respond to environment (physical - sweating an shiver) (internal - fever and heart beat)

movement - internal and external

development - change over time, body proportions, bone quality

reproduction - reproductive system and cellular reproduction