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Define development
The ways in which a country seeks to progress economically and also improve the quality of life for its inhabitants. It can be measured using economic, social and political criteria
What are some physical factors affecting global population distribution
Climate and soil fertility affecting agriculture opportunities
Water availability (Sahara and gobi deserts have low population density)
Extreme climate
Inaccessibility (mountains, dense vegetation)
What are some human factors affecting global population distribution
Hot and arid areas may attract settlers once sufficient capital and technology are available to supply water artificially (eg. desalination)
Presence of oil/minerals may explain habitation in places which have undesirable climatic factors (eg. Saudi Arabia using oil money to perform desalination, making it more desirable)
What is globalisation
The variety of accelerating ways in which places and people have become more interconnected with one another as part of a complicated global system.
What are TNC’s (transnational corporations)
Businesses whose operations are spread across the world, operating in many nations as both makers and sellers of goods and services. Many of the largest are instantly recognisable global brands which bring cultural change to the places where products are consumed
What is GDP (gross domestic product)
A measure of the total value of the output of final goods and services inside a nations borders. Each country’s annual calculation includes the value added by any foreign businesses that have located operations there.
What is the informal sector
Unofficial forms of employment that are not easily made subject to taxation or government regulation. Sometimes called black economy or cash in hand work.
What is PPP (purchasing power parity)
A measure of the average wealth that takes into account the cost of a typical amount of goods in a country. Eg. goods often cost less in LIC therefore wages will go further than in a HIC
What is the core-periphery concept
The uneven spatial distribution of wealth and national population between 2 or more regions of a state or country, resulting in flows of migrants, trade and investment
What are some urban pull factors
Employment and promotion which is non-existent in rural areas. Better schooling and healthcare, safety.
What are some rural push factors
Poverty, resource scarcity, conflict, crop failure,
What is a megacity
A city with population of 10 million or more
How has does crude birth rate change demographically
Crude birth rate (live births per 1000 people per year)- Becomes lower due to decreased life expectancy and fertility. Isolated tribes have very high CBR (also as high as pre-industrial societies
How has does crude death rate change demographically
Crude death rate (the number of deaths per 1000 people per year)- pre industrial was a lot higher. It can increase due to natural disasters and disease
How has does natural increase change demographically
Natural increase (the difference between crude death and crude birth)- youthful migrant populations have high NI due to the presence of a large population of fertile adults and fewer old people
How has does life expectancy change demographically
life expectancy (the number of years a member of a particular society can expect to live)- women tend to have a higher life expectancy, the highest life expectancy is in Japan.
How has does fertility rate change demographically
Fertility rate- the average number of children a women gives birth to during her lifetime- usually highest in Subsaharan Africa and lowest in Japan and south Korea
How has does infant mortality rate change demographically
infant mortality rate (the number of deaths of infants under 1 year per 1000 live births)- Afghanistan has the highest
What is the dependancy ratio
Measures the relationship between the non productive cohort (people under 15 and over 65) and the wealth producing cohort. It is calculated by the percentage of people under 15 + the percentage of people over 65 divided by the percentage of people between these ages. Multiplied by 100
What are some criticisms of the dependancy ratio
The age of 15 is a poor choice for a lower limit as many people stay in school past then
The proportion of women who work is varied amongst countries, therefore they may be included as non productive cohort
Many children in LIC’s and MIC’s do not go to school, but instead work
What are the 4 stages of the demographic transition model
Traditional (high and fluctuating)- Pre-industrial societies
Early transitional- first stage of industrial development, accelerating population growth
Late transitional stage- Later phase of industrial development which brings decelerating population growth
Advanced (low and fluctuating)- Post industrial, late capitalist, little to no long term population growth
Why does crude birth rate decline as a country develops
Women becoming more independent and choosing their family size, especially if they have career ambitions
Laws increasing the age of marriage
Compulsory education teaching about contraception
Why does crude death rate decline as a country develops
Improved food supply
Healthcare improvements, immunisation to eradicate diseases eg. small pox
Safety and hygiene rules. Improved sewer
What are some important points about the DTM
Death rate will fall first, as food supply and medicine develops, then the birth rate falls as women become more independant
the time lag is due to cultural changes
What are special economic zones
A part of a city or country where business tax and trading laws are more liberal than those found in the rest of the state
What is a refugee
A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution or natural disaster
What is an IDP (internally displaced person)
People who have found shelter in another part of their country after being forced to flee their homes
What are some causes of forced migration
Conflicts- eg. geopolitical conflict in previously colonised African states, leading to widespread migration
Land grabbing- involves the acquisition of land in developing countries by domestic governments and individuals. Eg. indigenous people losing ancestral land.
Climate change- desertification and drought
What are some consequences for migrants of forced migration
In refugee camps there is not usually an opportunity to work, so cannot make a living
Children may not be able to be schooled
Life in refugee camps can be very tough for vulnerable groups
What are some consequences for neighbouring states of forced migration
Puts enormous economic and social pressures due to high numbers of population increase
What are some consequences for HIC’s of forced migration
People arriving in dangerous fishing boats may arrive in EU coasts. EU coastguards are struggling to prevent deaths at sea. All EU states are obliged to take in refugees, and the cost of care of refugees is high.
What is an ageing population
A population structure where the proportion of people aged 65 or over is high and rising
What are some issues with an ageing population
High economic cost with caring for the elderly. Health treatments, care homes etc.
Higher life expectancy puts a burden on younger family members who have to become (unpaid) carers.
What are some benefits of an aging population
Many highly skilled elderly people who work in skilled occupations eg. doctors may continue to work older and mentor younger people
Elderly people are always involved in politics
They also tend to contribute to charity work in retirement
What are some policies to manage ageing societies
Adjustments to retirement age
Encouraging workers to build personal pension
What are some pro-natalist policies
Paying women to have children, and giving monthly payments to aid costs of children
Women encouraged to have more children
What are some anti-natalist policies
Chinas one child policy, limits the amount of children a person can have
Increased education surrounding contraception
What is the demographic dividend
When decreasing infant mortality is followed after a large break by a fall in number of births. This cause a bulge in the number of youthful workers, before birth rate drops.
What are some factors which affect if a demographic dividend is successful or not
If the numeracy and literacy levels are low then the working age population is a wasted opportunity
Good governance is essential, and political instability may ruin the potential economic benefits
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