IB Geography Population Change

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39 Terms

1

Define development

The ways in which a country seeks to progress economically and also improve the quality of life for its inhabitants. It can be measured using economic, social and political criteria

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2

What are some physical factors affecting global population distribution

  • Climate and soil fertility affecting agriculture opportunities

  • Water availability (Sahara and gobi deserts have low population density)

  • Extreme climate

  • Inaccessibility (mountains, dense vegetation)

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3

What are some human factors affecting global population distribution

  • Hot and arid areas may attract settlers once sufficient capital and technology are available to supply water artificially (eg. desalination)

  • Presence of oil/minerals may explain habitation in places which have undesirable climatic factors (eg. Saudi Arabia using oil money to perform desalination, making it more desirable)

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4

What is globalisation

The variety of accelerating ways in which places and people have become more interconnected with one another as part of a complicated global system.

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5

What are TNC’s (transnational corporations)

Businesses whose operations are spread across the world, operating in many nations as both makers and sellers of goods and services. Many of the largest are instantly recognisable global brands which bring cultural change to the places where products are consumed

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6

What is GDP (gross domestic product)

A measure of the total value of the output of final goods and services inside a nations borders. Each country’s annual calculation includes the value added by any foreign businesses that have located operations there.

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7

What is the informal sector

Unofficial forms of employment that are not easily made subject to taxation or government regulation. Sometimes called black economy or cash in hand work.

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8

What is PPP (purchasing power parity)

A measure of the average wealth that takes into account the cost of a typical amount of goods in a country. Eg. goods often cost less in LIC therefore wages will go further than in a HIC

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9

What is the core-periphery concept

The uneven spatial distribution of wealth and national population between 2 or more regions of a state or country, resulting in flows of migrants, trade and investment

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10

What are some urban pull factors

Employment and promotion which is non-existent in rural areas. Better schooling and healthcare, safety.

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11

What are some rural push factors

Poverty, resource scarcity, conflict, crop failure,

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12

What is a megacity

A city with population of 10 million or more

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13

How has does crude birth rate change demographically

Crude birth rate (live births per 1000 people per year)- Becomes lower due to decreased life expectancy and fertility. Isolated tribes have very high CBR (also as high as pre-industrial societies

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14

How has does crude death rate change demographically

Crude death rate (the number of deaths per 1000 people per year)- pre industrial was a lot higher. It can increase due to natural disasters and disease

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15

How has does natural increase change demographically

Natural increase (the difference between crude death and crude birth)- youthful migrant populations have high NI due to the presence of a large population of fertile adults and fewer old people

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16

How has does life expectancy change demographically

life expectancy (the number of years a member of a particular society can expect to live)- women tend to have a higher life expectancy, the highest life expectancy is in Japan.

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17

How has does fertility rate change demographically

Fertility rate- the average number of children a women gives birth to during her lifetime- usually highest in Subsaharan Africa and lowest in Japan and south Korea

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18

How has does infant mortality rate change demographically

infant mortality rate (the number of deaths of infants under 1 year per 1000 live births)- Afghanistan has the highest

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19

What is the dependancy ratio

Measures the relationship between the non productive cohort (people under 15 and over 65) and the wealth producing cohort. It is calculated by the percentage of people under 15 + the percentage of people over 65 divided by the percentage of people between these ages. Multiplied by 100

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20

What are some criticisms of the dependancy ratio

  • The age of 15 is a poor choice for a lower limit as many people stay in school past then

  • The proportion of women who work is varied amongst countries, therefore they may be included as non productive cohort

  • Many children in LIC’s and MIC’s do not go to school, but instead work

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21

What are the 4 stages of the demographic transition model

  • Traditional (high and fluctuating)- Pre-industrial societies

  • Early transitional- first stage of industrial development, accelerating population growth

  • Late transitional stage- Later phase of industrial development which brings decelerating population growth

  • Advanced (low and fluctuating)- Post industrial, late capitalist, little to no long term population growth

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22

Why does crude birth rate decline as a country develops

  • Women becoming more independent and choosing their family size, especially if they have career ambitions

  • Laws increasing the age of marriage

  • Compulsory education teaching about contraception

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23

Why does crude death rate decline as a country develops

  • Improved food supply

  • Healthcare improvements, immunisation to eradicate diseases eg. small pox

  • Safety and hygiene rules. Improved sewer

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24

What are some important points about the DTM

  • Death rate will fall first, as food supply and medicine develops, then the birth rate falls as women become more independant

  • the time lag is due to cultural changes

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25

What are special economic zones

A part of a city or country where business tax and trading laws are more liberal than those found in the rest of the state

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26

What is a refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution or natural disaster

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27

What is an IDP (internally displaced person)

People who have found shelter in another part of their country after being forced to flee their homes

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28

What are some causes of forced migration

Conflicts- eg. geopolitical conflict in previously colonised African states, leading to widespread migration

Land grabbing- involves the acquisition of land in developing countries by domestic governments and individuals. Eg. indigenous people losing ancestral land.

Climate change- desertification and drought

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29

What are some consequences for migrants of forced migration

  • In refugee camps there is not usually an opportunity to work, so cannot make a living

  • Children may not be able to be schooled

  • Life in refugee camps can be very tough for vulnerable groups

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30

What are some consequences for neighbouring states of forced migration

Puts enormous economic and social pressures due to high numbers of population increase

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31

What are some consequences for HIC’s of forced migration

People arriving in dangerous fishing boats may arrive in EU coasts. EU coastguards are struggling to prevent deaths at sea. All EU states are obliged to take in refugees, and the cost of care of refugees is high.

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32

What is an ageing population

A population structure where the proportion of people aged 65 or over is high and rising

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33

What are some issues with an ageing population

  • High economic cost with caring for the elderly. Health treatments, care homes etc.

  • Higher life expectancy puts a burden on younger family members who have to become (unpaid) carers.

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34

What are some benefits of an aging population

  • Many highly skilled elderly people who work in skilled occupations eg. doctors may continue to work older and mentor younger people

  • Elderly people are always involved in politics

  • They also tend to contribute to charity work in retirement

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35

What are some policies to manage ageing societies

  • Adjustments to retirement age

  • Encouraging workers to build personal pension

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36

What are some pro-natalist policies

  • Paying women to have children, and giving monthly payments to aid costs of children

  • Women encouraged to have more children

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37

What are some anti-natalist policies

  • Chinas one child policy, limits the amount of children a person can have

  • Increased education surrounding contraception

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38

What is the demographic dividend

When decreasing infant mortality is followed after a large break by a fall in number of births. This cause a bulge in the number of youthful workers, before birth rate drops.

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39

What are some factors which affect if a demographic dividend is successful or not

  • If the numeracy and literacy levels are low then the working age population is a wasted opportunity

  • Good governance is essential, and political instability may ruin the potential economic benefits

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