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What part of Europe in the Middle Ages used Feudalism?
Western Europe
"Medieval" is a synonym for…
Middle Ages
The Middle Ages may also be called the…
Dark Ages, because western Europe is not learning, not trading, weak, etc.
When is the Middle Ages?
600-1000
When is the High Middle Ages?
1000-1450
Feudalism
Political system used in Europe where nobles are granted the use of land owned by their king in return for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
What type of government was feudalism?
Decentralized
Where do people live in feudalism?
Small villages
Feudal Europe had few _ _ ___.
Organized law codes
In Western Europe, the serfs experienced frequent…
Invasions by the Vikings in longships
The pope in Rome and church had __ in feudalism.
Political power (corruption)
Manorialism
Economic system of medieval Europe that was based on a manor and lands including a village, and surrounding acres which were administered by the lord, was developed for agricultural production. Serfs work the land and must provide crops to the lord (noble) on the manor
Why is population low in western Europe in the Middle Ages?
Spread of disease before the fall of Rome, Goths sacking Rome in 476, frequent invasions by the Vikings, and not enough food
Three field system
A type of farming developed in medieval Europe that increased agricultural production for serfs, the farming land was split into three fields equal in size. One was planted with a winter crop, one was planted with a spring, and one had no crops. Using this allowed the land unplanted to "rest"
How did serfs get protection in manorialism?
They had to work land and pay rent in exchange
Why don't the serfs revolt against the knights during the Middle Ages in Western Europe?
Serfs need protection from the knights against Viking invasions.
In Western Europe during the Middle Ages, what was the trade situation?
Little trade, due to broken infrastructure, peasants being tied to the land, low pop so no specialization of labor or artisanal products made
Name the order of hierarchy from lowest to highest in feudalism
Serfs, knights/vassals ----->homage military service, nobles/lords -----------> loyalty and military, king
How was Western Europe during the Middle Ages?
WEAK, after the fall of Rome
How was education in Western Europe during the Middle Ages?
No learning/innovations, technology
What religion dominates Western Europe?
Christian church
Sacraments
rituals in the Catholic church, like baptism, first communion, and marriage, that all Christians must do
Serfs in Western Europe are tied to the church, because they…
attend church every Sunday, pay tithes to the church, and go to confession to confess their sins to the priest
Western Europeans cannot read, so they…
rely on images AND the priest to understand Bible stories
What was the govt. like in Byzantine Empire (Eastern Europe) during the Middle Ages?
STRONG central govt. that thrives
Where did Constantine move the capital to before the High Middle Ages?
Constantinople
Caeseropapism
Developed by Constantine, used in Byzantine empire, mixture of religious and political authority where the secular lord was superior to the pope, was disliked by the pope and started the controversy of state versus church in medieval Europe
What does Justinian do in the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Europe) during the Middle Ages?
Expands empire, writes law codes, and preserves Roman laws
Hagia Sophia
The rebuild of the city's main cathedral by Justinian called the Church of Holy Wisdom, one of the worlds greatest monuments
Which place engaged in iconoclasm in the Middle Ages?
Byzantine Empire
What was used to expand empire in Byzantine Empire (Eastern Europe) during the Middle Ages?
Theme System
Theme System
Used in the Byzantine empire, was split into districts each led by a general to increase quick military attacks, peasants who joined the army and did a good job were rewarded with a piece of land, which increased free peasant class. Though, it caused available land to decrease
How much trade did the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Europe) experience during the Middle Ages?
Lots of trade, bezant is standard coin, stole silk productions from China
What happens in the transition between the Middle Ages and then the High Middle Ages?
Crusades!
Why did the Great Schism occur?
Fights over who has more political power--pope or Byzantine emperor--, doctrinal differences, and issue of iconoclasm (Byzantine Empire had iconoclasm at one point)
As a result of the Great Schism, there are…
two Christian churches in Europe, a Roman Catholic church in the west led by the pope and an Eastern Orthodox church in the Byzantine Empire led by the patriarch
Schism
The split of the Christian church (Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Church), when Roman popes and Byzantine patriarchs competed over power
Crusades
A series of holy wars undertaken by European Roman Catholic Christians (Christian knights) to recapture Palestine and Jerusalem from Muslim authorities, some called by popes and some were called by political leaders, took place in many different places over 100's of years
How was Western Europe able to grow from Crusades in the High Middle Ages?
Europe starts coming out of "Dark Age" (Muslim Agricultural Revolution helps too), due to Europe being put in contact with the Middle East introducing trade routes
How did the Muslim Agricultural Revolution impact Western Europe around the year 1000?
New foods from Islamic Empire mean that pop. can increase, which leads to urbanization and specialization of labor
What declines in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages?
Feudalism as stronger govt. emerges
How does England change after the year 1000?
Normans in France have a centralized state, Duke of Normandy William the Conqueror invades England (Battle of Hastings). Williams heirs strengthen Norman monarchy by collecting taxes and establishing common laws
How does France change after the year 1000?
Capetian kings slowly centralize, which changes from decentralization during the Middle Ages
How does the Byzantine Empire in Eastern Europe change in the High Middle Ages?
Empire becomes weaker due to weak military and frequent attacks--Theme systems weakens as the wealthy take the land for themselves and there are none left for the peasants, no motivation to do well in battle
Who attacks the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Europe) in the High Middle Ages?
Venetians and Seljuk Turks
Ultimately, what happens to the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Empire) at the end of the High Middle Ages?
Conquered by Ottoman Turks, new empire practices Islam
How does Spain change during the High Middle Ages?
Christian kingdoms lead the Reconquista to expel Muslims and Jews from Spain and re-establish the Iberian Peninsula as a Christian state
Reconquista
The Christian reconquest of Spain from Islamic empire, drew Islamic forces and Jews out of Spain, Catholic monarchs in Northern Spain were advocates for the cause
Holy Roman Empire
Decentralized kingdoms in present-day Germany, emperor and pope fight over political power and land
Whats the govt. like in Italy?
No centralized regime, most land is controlled by the Catholic church
What happens in Italy after 1000?
New cities (like Venice, Genoa, Milan) emerge that participate in maritime trade, grow wealthy, and challenge church authority
What political change takes place in Western Europe from the Middle Ages to the High Middle Ages?
Western Europe goes from feudalism and decentralized to strong central govt. in England, France, and Spain.
What political change takes place in Byzantine Empire from the Middle Ages to the High Middle Ages?
Byzantine Empire goes from string centralized govt. to weak one conquered by Ottomans.
When do guilds form?
During the High Middle Ages, once the pop increases and people can specialize in labor
When does the Hanseatic League form?
During the High Middle Ages, once trade is established and pop increases
Where does the Hanseatic League trade?
Northern Europe, not in Mediterranean Sea or with Islamic Empire
Name three economic changes that happened in Europe between the before and after High Middle Ages.
Western Europe not trading to trading and developing specialization of labor. Western Europe not making innovations in farming to making farming innovations like using horse collar, planting beans, and planting MAR foods that allow for population to increase. Hanseatic league forming, there was no need before with no trade.
Name two social changes that happened in Europe between the before and after High Middle Ages.
New social classes form like artisan class that will join a guild, women are allowed to join some guilds but there is still patriarchy
Name one continuity that happened in Europe between the before and after High Middle Ages.
Christianity is still a dominating feature
How do the first Crusades start in 1095?
During the Battle of Manzikert, the Seljuk Turks invade Byzantine Empire and begins to attack Anatolia. The Byzantine Emperor asks the Catholic pope to send aid in fighting turks (shows desperation), the pope calls for Christians to "take up the cross" and help the Byzantine Empire fight the Turks
What did the pope promise to the Christians to get them to fight in the crusades?
Anyone who died got sent to heaven, serfs would be free from land, didn't have to pay taxes, prisoners released from jail
What did the Alexius, emperor of the Byzantine Empire really hope to gain from the Crusades?
To retake his territory and strengthen his empire
What did the pope really hope to gain from the crusades?
Hoped to become the rightful pope and perhaps re-establish himself as the true leader of the Christian church
How may the pope promising people no taxes and not being tied to the land backfire on him?
Serfs are uneducated and illiterate, makes a weak army
How is the First Crusade ironic?
It started with the goal of helping the Byzantines defeat the Seljuk Turks, but it ended up with Christian Crusaders invading the Abbasid Caliphate and taking Jerusalem away from the Abbasids, who were not the Seljuk Turks and were not threatening the Byzantine Empire at all.
How did the first crusade go in 1095?
Was successful in taking Jerusalem, when Jerusalem fell they murdered many Jews and Muslims, and divided the land into territories each governed by a European feudal lord
How might the first crusade backfire in the Europeans?
Muslims in the Abbasid Caliphate will want to get their revenge against the Christians.
How did the second crusade go?
In an attempt to regain their land Edessa, they failed, and instead of recapturing it changed routes and attacked the only Muslim friends the Christians had, uniting on Muslims to go against the Christians
What follows the second crusade?
The Muslim leader Saladin tried to take Jerusalem back, he convinced his people by using religion and having God on their side to fight in the war (Just like the pope)
How did the third crusade go?
After Saladin was successful in retaking Jerusalem, they tried again to retake Jerusalem again and failed AGAIN. It ended with a truce being made between Saladin and King Richard by splitting up the holy land. Saladin allowed Christians to pilgrimage freely and trade
Name some political causes of the Crusades.
Desire to take Jerusalem from Muslims, reunify church under Pope, defend Byzantine Empire against Turks
Name some religious causes of the Crusades.
Belief that fighting in crusades would give you forgiveness of sins, to restore right of Christians to make pilgrimage to holy shrine in Jerusalem
Name some economic causes of the Crusades.
The chance to travel and make money, younger sons of European rulers can get land, opening up new trade routes, gain fabulous riches of the East
Name some economic effects of the Crusades.
Stimulate trade, intro to new products and tech., architecture, growing urban culture, expanded use of money economy,
Name some political effects of the Crusades.
Led to Turkish wars and expansion of Ottoman Empire into the Balkans, weakened Feudalism, increased power of monarchs, rulers got right to collect taxes to support crusades
Name some cultural effects of the Crusades.
Hardened Muslim attitude towards Christians, transmitted Islamic science, philosophy, and medicine to the West, Europeans went to explore places, and broadened contacts with Muslim world
Towards the end of the High Middle Ages, Europeans will re-discover knowledge from Ancient Greece and Rome and experience the Renaissance, thanks to…
Islamic knowledge spreading to western Europe after the Crusades
Feudalism declines in western Europe after…
the Crusades, as kings won the right to collect taxes to pay for the Crusades and used the money to centralize their power
What helped with economic and social development of Europe in the High Middle Ages?
Increase in agricultural yields, thanks to new foods from MAR and new farming technologies, like the horse collar which diffused along trade routes from China to Europe.
How did they increase arable land in Europe in the High Middle Ages?
As the population increased, serfs cleared forests, drained swamps, and devoted land to agriculture
What are some ways that Europe in the High Middle Ages increase agriculture?
Used new agricultural techniques (experimented with new crops, kept more domestic animals, used different rotational methods, books), used different tools (horse collar and horse shoe), all resulted in huge population increase
What was the result of much more crops and agriculture in Europe in the High Middle Ages?
Many more towns with urbanization, increase in specialization of labor (promotes guild formation and trade)
What is made as a result of all the trade happening in northern Europe during the High Middle Ages?
The Hanseatic League in Northern Europe
Hanseatic League
Well developed trading network of trading cities that control trade within northern Europe (Did not trade with the Islamic empire), helped with growth of northern European cities
What are the "three estates of classes" in Europe during the High Middle Ages?
Those who pray, those who fight, and those who work
What did the estate "those who pray" consist of?
The clergy of the Catholic church, loyal to the church rather than secular leaders
What did the estate "those who fight" consist of?
Came from ranks of nobles, inherited position in society, and concentrated on military skills
What did the estate "those who work" consist of?
Most of the population, peasants who were dependent on those who fought
What happened as merchants, artisans, and crafts workers began to grow in population of urbanized cities in the High Middle Ages of Europe?
Urban populations began to resist the orders of nobles, they wanted to manage their own affairs and be exempted from political regulation, they made guilds to regulate production and sale of goods (social and economic impact)
Guild
A medieval organization of merchants and workers that specialize in a craft, trade or good, and controlled the economy of Europe by setting standards for quality of manufactured goods, appeals to working class
How did the treatment of women change in the urbanized cities in the High Middle Ages of Europe?
There was still a patriarchy, but they were allowed to work alongside men in the guilds and even have women dominate guilds
How was education able to increase during the High Middle Ages of Europe?
Schools were built in cathedral (Cathedral schools), and were built because of the increase in economy, students (mainly monks and priests) read the Bible and were educated on Latin literature
What did the cathedral schools turn into as a result of student guilds demanding fair treatment and wanted them to give out academic degrees?
Universities
What did the evolution of universities lead to in the High Middle Ages of Europe?
Rediscovery of works of Aristotle, and translations of his work made it available to western Europe scholars
As Aristotle works spread, what medieval attempt came out of it in the High Middle Ages of Europe?
St. Thomas of Aquinas taught Scholasticism
Scholasticism
Merge beliefs of Christianity with logical rigor of Greek philosophy (Aristotle)
What did popular religions start to form devotion to in the High Middle Ages of Europe?
Saints like Virgin Mary
What did the venerations of saints lead to in the High Middle Ages of Europe?
Relics
Relics
Physical remains of saints or religious figures assembled by churches for veneration (Used by Christians)
What did the spread of relics lead to in the High Middle Ages of Europe?
Pilgrimage to visit the relics, and inns that lined the routes to visit them