APSC 2164 exam11

 Know how many IACUC members are required under the Animal Welfare Act, under PHS policies, and who must appoint those members.

AWA- 3 members: vet, scientist, nonscientist/community member all appointed by IO

PHS-5 members: vet, scientist, nonscientist, community member, 1 other, all appointed by IO

 Know how to distinguish which regulations apply to a teaching or research activity involving animals (remember ! Species and Color of Money [e.g., the source of the funding]).

Species (AWA): dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, NHP, ag animals in biomed research, and wild warm blooded animals

Color of money/source of funding (PHS): if project is funded by PHS or its agencies, or anyone in the institutions involved with research receiving funding from PHS or (NIH, FDS, CDC, etc)

No regulated species and no PHS funding: no regulations applicable

Providing animal date to FDA: PHS policy per the guide

Recognize that animal facility inspections and program reviews must be conducted by the IACUC every 6 months.

AWA: facility inspection every 6/mon; program review every 6/mont

PHS: facility inspection and program review every 6 months

Blended program: facility and program review every 6 months

Be able to identify the animal species regulated by the Animal Welfare Act.

Dog, cat, guinea pig, hamster, rabbit, non-human primate, wild warm-blooded mammal, ag animals used in biomedical research

Recognize and define the 3 R’s (reduction, refinement, and replacement), giving an example of each.

Reduction; reducing the number of animals used in research (healthy animals, pre-study statistical planning)

Refinement; reducing pain and distress (using healthy animals, using anesthetics, analgesics, tranquilizers, and pain killers)

Replacement; replacing animals with non-animal alternatives or lower order species (computer models, cell culture, and using plants or invertabrates)

Be able to identify the gender of an individual from any of the given species.

Anogenital Distance (genital papilla to anus); rat, mouse, hamster, gerbil

No gential papilla; finger pressure to extrude penis: guinea pig and rabbit

Be able to list those species with special or unique anatomic features, and describe those features.

Rat (no gall bladder); Hamster(cheek pouches, flank marking glands); Gerbil(ventral abdominal marking glands)

Incisor teeth growing throughout life: rodents (rats, mouse, mice, hamster, gerbils, guinea pig and rabbits)

Both glandular and nonglandular areas of stomach: rats, mice, hamster, and gerbil

Only glandular stomach: guinea pig and rabbit

Single pair of mammary: guinea pig

1.  Describe several manual techniques for handling and restraining rats and mice.

Tail: pick up by the base if picked up by tip a degloving injury can occur

Thoracic encirclement (rat): hand over back, thumb behind one elbow, forefinger behind other elbow, makes forelegs cross in front of face

Scruff hold (rat); gather skin along back in all fingers of hand

Scruff hold (mouse); grasp skin over scruff up to and between the ears

List advantages and disadvantages of several manual handling and restraining techniques.

Tail restraints: quick; might injure tail (degloving)

Thoracic encirclement: provides good restraint without much stress’ may prevent expansion of the chest/breathing

Scruff hold: better restraint; causes distress, may prevent expansion of the chest/breathing

Give examples of risks in an animal facility (e.g., animal bites/scratches, other physical hazards, protocol related hazards, allergens, zoonotic diseases)

Animal bites/scratches, other physical hazards, protocol related hazards, allergens, zoonotic diseases

Describe how risks can be minimized (e.g., risk/hazard identification, personnel training, use of Personal Protective Equipment [PPE], personal hygiene, medical assessments).

risk/hazard identification, personnel training, use of PPE, personal hygiene, medical assessments

Recognize the source of allergens from rodents, and how the allergens can be spread

Proteins in urine and saliva; direct contact with animals or bedding, aerosols

Define what a zoonotic agent is, and routes of entry of the organism

Infectious agent (virus, bacteria, parasite, fungi) transmissible from animals to people and vice versa oral, topical, inhaled, bites, or scratches 

Define what a fomite is, and what can be done to prevent disease transmission.

Nonliving objects onto which infectious organisms are attached and transported; brooms, mops, trash, cans, pens, gloves, gowns, feed containers, etc

List several normal mouse and rat behaviors.

Social, shelter, nest building foraging, gnawing, climbing, and reproduction

Describe several abnormal behaviors of mice and rats

Infanticide, barbering, stereotypic behaviors (bar mouthing, circling, jumping, looping, route tracing, twirling, wiping)

Describe (and give examples) of what can be done to minimize abnormal behaviors in rats and mice

Provide cagemates for social species/ genders

Providing environmental enrichments; food, toys, exercise wheels, nesting materials, & shelters

Explain the differences between an inbred strain and an outbred stock of lab rodents.

Inbred(strain): 21+ generations of brother X sister or parent/offspring; animals as close genetically as possible; maximize homozygosity, minimize heterozygosity; loss of hybrid vigor

Oubred (stock) avoidance of inbreeding; animals similar but not genetically identical; maximize heterozygosity and minimize homozygosity

Be able to give the average length of the estrous cycle for each of the common species

Rat, mouse, gerbil; 5 days, hamster; 4 days, guinea pig; 16 days, rabbit; none (induced ovulator)

Describe why a female should be brought to the male’s cage, and not vice versa

If male taken to female cages it will attempt to establish dominance fighting and will not breed vs taking female to male cages it will breed and not fight

Describe the two major types of breeding systems

Monogamous (pair) mating and polygamous (harem) mating; multiple

Give examples of observations/methods to determine that a rat or mouse has been bred

Look for sperm/vaginal plug; vaginal lavage/flushing to look for sperm if not obvious

Be able to give the average length of gestation for each of those species

Hamster 916d), mouse(19d), rat(21d), gerbil(26d), rabbit(32d), guinea pig(68d)

animal welfare act

3 members: vet, scientist, nonscientist/community member all appointed by IO

Public health service

5 members: vet, scientist, nonscientist, community member, 1 other, all appointed by IO

Species (AWA)

dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, NHP, ag animals in biomed research, and wild warm blooded animals

Color of money/source of funding (PHS)

if project is funded by PHS or its agencies, or anyone in the institutions involved with research receiving funding from PHS or (NIH, FDS, CDC, etc)

No regulated species and no PHS funding

no regulations applicable

Providing animal date to FDA

PHS policy per the guide

facility and program review/inspection every 6 months

PHS, AWA, and blended programs

Reduction

reducing the number of animals used in research (healthy animals, pre-study statistical planning)

Refinement

reducing pain and distress (using healthy animals, using anesthetics, analgesics, tranquilizers, and pain killers)

Replacement

replacing animals with non-animal alternatives or lower order species (computer models, cell culture, and using plants or invertebrates)

Anogenital Distance (genital papilla to anus)

rat, mouse, hamster, gerbil

No genital papilla

finger pressure to extrude penis: guinea pig and rabbit

Rat

no gall bladder

hamster

cheek pouches, flank marking glands

gerbil

ventral abdominal marking glands

Incisor teeth growing throughout life

rodents (rats, mouse, mice, hamster, gerbils, guinea pig and rabbits)

Both glandular and nonglandular areas of stomach

rats, mice, hamster, and gerbil

Only glandular stomach

guinea pig and rabbit

Single pair of mammary

guinea pig

Inbred(strain)

21+ generations of brother X sister or parent/offspring; animals as close genetically as possible; maximize homozygosity, minimize heterozygosity; loss of hybrid vigor

Oubred (stock)

avoidance of inbreeding; animals similar but not genetically identical; maximize heterozygosity and minimize homozygosity

Monogamous

pair mating

polygamous

(harem) mating; multiple

estrous cycles 

Rat, mouse, gerbil; 5 days, hamster; 4 days, guinea pig; 16 days, rabbit; none (induced ovulator)

rabbit gestation

rat gestation

32 d

hamster gestation

16 d

mouse gestation

19 d

rat gestation

21 d

gerbil gestation

26 d

guinea pig gestation

68 d