TEAS Test

vector disease

usually spread through insects

indirect contact

infectious agents carried by dust

direct contact

oral secretions, blood, infectious fluid or droplets

non infectious disease

cannot be spread from one person to another, not caused by a microorganism

infectious disease

can be spread from one person to another

ectoparasites

mites, fleas, bed bugs, ticks

worms

helminths

is protozoa eukaryotic?

yes

fungi

is eukaryotic

Virulence

how severe or harmful the disease is

pathogenic

bacteria, viruses and other types of germs that can cause some kind of disease

why are proteins important to an organisms structure and function?

Amino acid, structure, cell membranes/ receptors, enzymes, antibodies and hormones

why are lipids important to an organisms structure and function?

cell membranes, long term energy storage, insulation, and hormones

nucleic acids

CHONP

protein biomolecules

CHON

Carbohydrate and lipid biomolecules

CHO

Monomer

building block, a molecule that can react together with other monomers to form a large polymer chain

what is a nucleic acid

large biomolecule in all cells and viruses, sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous base

what is a protein?

large biomolecule and macromolecule that comprise one or more long chains of amino acids

what are carbohydrates?

biomolecule consisting of carbon hydrogen and oxygen, sugars, starch, and cellulose

what are lipids?

divers group of organic compounds, fats, waxes, fat soluble vitamins monoglycerides, diglycerides, and phospholipids

Heterozygous genotype

different, Ff

Homozygous genotype

same allele, homozygous dominant FF, homozygous recessive ff

Genotype

a term that refers to the two alleles present in the genome, refers to the entire genetic makeup of an individuall

lowercase letter is

recessive, trait not expressed if there is a dominant allele

uppercase letter is

dominant, trait will be expressed due to dominance

Allele

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome (gene varient)

Translation

process of translating the sequence of a mRNA to amino acids during protein synthesis

Transcription

process of making a RNA copy of a genes DNA sequence

tRNA (transfer RNA)

an adaptor molecule that decodes a mRNA into a protein

rRNA

serves as a location for protein synthesis

mRNA (messenger RNA)

carries genetic information to make proteins

is RNA single or double stranded

single standed

nucleotide base pairs (RNA)

Adenine-uracil and cytosine-guanine

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

a nucleic acid present in all living cells whose principle is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling synthesis of proteins

Genes are…

specific segments of chromosomes that dictate individual traits

what are chromosomes composed of

DNA

Regulatory genes

used to control the timing, location, and amount in which genes are expressed

structural genes

eye/hair color, transport, structure, enzymatic activity, defense mechanism

nucleotide bases are held together with

hydrogen bonds

nucleotide base pairs (DNA)

Adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine

DNA makeup

phosphate, dexyribose and a nitrogenous base that is the code for traits

deoxyribonucleic acid

self replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes

heredity

the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another

haploid cells

carry half the chromosome count of the original cell

Meiosis telophase 2

chromosomes reach the opposite sides of the cell forming new nuclear envelopes around the chromosomes

Meiosis anaphase 2

chromatids are seperated and drawn to the opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers

meiosis metaphase 2

chromosomes align in the middle of the cells center forming a single row

meiosis prophase 2

chromosome condensation in both cells

meiosis cytokinesis

cytokinesis splits the cytoplasm of the cell (produces four non identical gametes)

mitosis cytokinesis

splits the cytoplasm of the cell, produces two identical diploid cells

mitosis and meiosis telophase 1

chromosomes reach the opposite sides of the cell forming new nuclear envelopes around the chromosome

Meiosis anaphase 1

chromosomes are seperated and drawn to the opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers

mitosis anaphase

chromatids are seperated and drawn to the opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers

meiosis metaphase 1

chromosomes align in the middle of the cells center maintaining their homologous pairs

mitosis metaphase

chromosomes align in the middle of the cells center forming a single row

meiosis prophase 1

chromosome condensation and pairing of homologous chromosomes

mitosis prophase

chromosomes become visible as they condense and thicken

meiosis

cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the nuber of chromosomes of the parent cell

mitosis

cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes

plant cell vacuole

maintain water balance

animal cell vacuole

help isolate waste products

lysosomes

contains digestive enzymes that break down excess of worn down cell parts (may destroy invading bacteria and viruses

photosynthesis

energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy for growth

chloroplast

type of plastid (saclike organelle) with double lined membrane that is a site for photosynthesis

adenosine triphosphate

source of energy for use and storage at a cellular level

mitochondria

makes atp through cellular respiration

Enzymes

modify and organize molecules

golgi apparatus

helps package and process proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins that will go out of the cell

Smooth er

makes cellular products like hormones and lipids, helps with detoxification

rough ER

provides surface area for chemical reactions, protein transport, surface is covered in ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

large dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism

nucleolus

area inside the nucleus made of RNA and proteins, where ribosomes are made

nucleus

membrane enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes (DNA)

amino acids

small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins

ribosomes

intercellular structures made of both RNA and protein, site of protein synthesis

cytoskeleton

network of fibers that provide structural support for the cells and organelles, helps with cellular movement

cytoplasm

gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

homeostasis

self regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to the external environment

selective permeablility

only specific materials can pass in and out

cell/plasma membrane

seperates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have…

dna, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell membrane

eukaryotes DO have

nucleus, membrane bound organelles

eukaryote types

fungi, animals, plants protists

prokaryotes dont have

nucleus, membrane bound organelles

prokaryote types

bacteria, archaea

all cells come from

other pre existing cells

all living things

are made up of cells

the cell is the _____ _____ unit in all organisms

smallest living

organism

made up of one or more organ systems

organ system

group of organs that work together to carry out a function

organs

made up of tissue that works together to function

tissues

made up of cells with similar structure and function

cell

basic unit of life