Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution

These flashcards cover key concepts, ideas, and historical facts related to the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution.

What did John Locke advocate for?

Life, liberty, and property; natural rights.

What is Rousseau’s main idea in The Social Contract?

Government should rule for the good of the people; overthrow tyranny.

What is Montesquieu’s key contribution?

Separation of powers (judicial, executive, legislative).

What were Voltaire’s main beliefs?

Religious tolerance, freedom of speech, separation of church and state.

How did nationalism unify revolutions?

Shared language, religion, customs fostered unity for political change.

What is a colonial revolution?

Independence from mother country (e.g., America).

What is a home revolution?

Against one's own government/social order (e.g., France).

What Enlightenment ideals are present in the Declaration of Independence?

Natural rights, social contract, popular sovereignty.

What Enlightenment ideals are present in the Declaration of the Rights of Man?

Equality before law, freedom of speech/religion/press, separation of powers.

What environmental factors fueled industrialization?

Rivers/canals, coal, timber, iron, urbanization, agricultural surplus, capital, foreign resources, property protections.

What is the Factory System?

Centralized mass production with powered machinery and worker discipline.

What is specialization of labor?

Dividing tasks into small steps leading to faster, higher quality production.

How did textile production change in Egypt?

From hand-looms (slow/local) to attempted factory production, but failed due to British domination.

What are some key inventions of the First Industrial Revolution?

Spinning Jenny, water frame, mule, steam engine, coke for iron, railroads.

What was the focus of the Second Industrial Revolution?

Steel, chemicals, electricity, communication (telegraph/telephone).

What was Japan’s industrialization strategy?

Meiji Restoration: westernization, sending students abroad, adopting technology.

What was Muhammad Ali's impact on Egypt’s industrialization?

Built textile mills, but it failed under British control.

What is the difference between mercantilism and Adam Smith’s laissez-faire?

Mercantilism involves tariffs/regulations, while laissez-faire promotes free markets and no government intervention.

Can you provide an example of a transnational corporation?

Unilever, Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corp.

What were the causes of worker protests?

Long hours, low wages, poor conditions, child labor.

What effects did labor unions have?

Child labor laws, safer conditions, higher wages.

What was Karl Marx’s main idea?

Class struggle drives history; workers should overthrow capitalism leading to communism.

What are the new social classes identified in the Industrial Age?

Proletariat (workers), bourgeoisie (middle class), industrialists (owners).

What was the experience of working-class women?

Double burden: long hours combined with household duties.

What was the experience of middle/upper-class women?

Domestic roles, education, leisure.

What were some effects of urbanization?

Pollution, poverty, crime, poor sanitation, and disease spread.