Lineages of Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes BIOL 125 Midterm UBCO

Archaea

Unique phospholipids in their plasma membranes - the hydrocarbon tail of phopholipid that contain isoprene.
3 Clades/phylum - (Korarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota Don't need to know).

Bacteria

Unique compound called peptidoglycan in cell walls.
(Peptidoglycan are cell walls for Bacteria to withstand high osmotic pressure, backbones of a bacterial cell.)
Only know in terms of gram staining for different clades of Bacteria

Gram Staining

Differential stain identifying and classifying bacteria to be gram positive or gram negative.

Gram Negative

Plasma membrane surrounded by cell wall consisting of two components - thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid bilayer.
Harder to retain stain since the thin layer of peptidoglycan results in easier removal of stain. (Pink)

Gram Positive

plasma membrane surrounded by cell walls with extensive peptidoglycan.
Easier stained due to thick layer of peptidoglycan, resulting in dye's prolonged sticking on the peptidoglycan. (Violet)

Firmicutes (B.)

Gram Positive low GC (Guanine+cytosine) in DNA

Spirochaetes (B.)

Gram Negative

Actinobacteria (B.)

Gram positive high GC (Guanine+cytosine) in DNA

Chlamydiae (B.)

Gram Negative

Cyanobacteria (B.)

Gram positive
Also called blue-green algae - filamentous, autotrophs.

Proteobacteria (B.)

Gram negative

Eukarya

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals.
Main things you need to know is only where Animals, Plants, and Fungi reside.

Amoebozoa (E.)

Lack cell walls. Kingdom - Protozoa (Protists). Sister group to Opisthokonta (Both Unikonta).
Ex: Amoeba

Opisthokonta (E.)

Reproductive cell have single flagellum at their base.
Cristae inside mitochondra are flat, not tubed shaped.
Ex: Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animalia

Excavata (E.)

Pronounced feeding groove. Modified mitochondria (Mitochondrial DNA found in nucleus).
Ex: Euglena, Giardia

Rhizaria (E.)

Lack cell walls.
Ex: Foraminiferans, "shelled amoebas".

Alveolata (E.)

Sac-like structures called alveoli which provides support and forms continuous layer under plasma membrane.
Ex: Ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexa, Plasmodium (Causes Malaria).

Stramenopila (E.)

Usually contain paired-branched flagella if exists.
Ex: Diatoms, brown algae, water molds.

Plantae (E.)

Autotrophic - cell containing chloroplasts with double membrane. Cellulose-based cell wall. Alternation of generation.
Ex: green algae, bryophytes, vascular plants

Hepaticophyta

Non Vascular plant, grow along surface with broad leafy appearance.
Ex: Liverworts

Bryophyta

Non Vascular plant, dominant gametophyte, nutritionally dependent sporophyte
Ex: Mosses

Anthoceraphyta

horn-like structure sporophytes.
Ex: Hornworts

Lycophyta

Vascular plants, non-seed, mostly extinct plants.
Ex: Lepidodendron

Pterophyta

Vascular plant, non-seed, nutritionally independent sporophyte and gametophyte
Ex: Ferns, horsetails.

Ginkgophyta

Woody, gymnosperm, seed producing plants.
Ex: ginkgo tree.

Cycadophyta

Previously abundant and diverse, now mainly restricted in the tropics. Gymnosperm plants.
Ex: Queen sago palm

Gnetophyta

Semi-arid habitats, closest relative to angiosperm, probably sister to conifers. Gymnosperm plants.
Ex: Gnaetae, Ephedra, "Mormon tea".

Coniferophyta

Woody vascular gymnosperm plants.
Ex: pines, firs, spruce, cypress, "hemlock " trees, yew, larch.

Anthophyta

Flowering (fruiting) vascular angiosperm plants, including monocots and eudicots.
Ex: orchards, rose, apple tree, palm tree, etc.

Monocotyledons (Monocots)

Only one cotyledon in seed, fibrous root system, parallel-veined leaves, and flower parts in threes or multiple of threes.
Vascular bundle scattered.
Ex: Orchards, lilies, tulips, banana tree, palm trees, grasses.

Eudicotidae (Eudicots)

Two cotyledon in seeds, taproot system, reticulated-vein leaves, and flower parts in fours or fives or their multiples.
Vascular bundle in distinct ring.
Ex: lettuce, tomato, mint, roses, peas, beans, oak trees.