7 Years' War & The War of 1812

How were the Acadians affected by the 7 Years’ War?

The Acadians were forcibly removed from their lands by the British in what became known as the Great Expulsion or Le Grand Dérangement. Many were deported to British colonies, France, or Louisiana.

What were three different causes (or rising tensions) that lead to the 7 Years’ War?

Territorial disputes over the Ohio Valley, competition over the fur trade, and alliances with Indigenous nations intensified tensions between the British and French. Both sought to dominate North America.

Who was the French Leader that led his troops to the battle on the Plains of Abraham?

Louis-Joseph de Montcalm led the French forces during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759. He was killed during the battle.

Who was the British Leader that led his troops to the battle on the Plains of Abraham?

James Wolfe commanded the British troops in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Though he also died in battle, his forces secured a decisive victory.

What was the outcome of the war for the French?

The French lost most of their territories in North America, including New France, under the Treaty of Paris (1763). They retained a few islands in the Caribbean and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

What was the outcome of the war for the British?

The British gained significant territories in North America, including Canada and lands east of the Mississippi River, establishing themselves as the dominant colonial power.

What were Britain’s military strengths during the war?

Britain had a powerful navy, greater financial resources, well-trained soldiers, and the ability to supply its troops from the colonies.

What were France’s military strengths during the war?

France had fortified positions, experienced military leaders, Indigenous allies, and extensive knowledge of the terrain which provided strategic advantages.

What treaty was made at the end of the war and by whom?

The Treaty of Paris (1763) was signed by Britain, France, and Spain, officially ending the Seven Years’ War. France ceded its North American territories to Britain.

What is the difference between the Royal Proclamation and the Quebec Act?

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 established British control and restricted westward settlement to protect Indigenous lands. The Quebec Act of 1774 expanded Quebec's borders and restored French civil law and Catholic religious freedoms.

What was the name given to the French colony in British North America under the Constitution Act in 1791?

The French colony was named Lower Canada, while Upper Canada was created for English-speaking settlers.

Which group primarily resided in Lower Canada? Which group primarily resided in Upper Canada?

Lower Canada was predominantly inhabited by French-speaking Catholics, while Upper Canada was mainly settled by English-speaking Protestants, including Loyalists.

Who were the Loyalists?

Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution. After the war, many migrated to British North America, particularly Upper Canada and the Maritimes.

What pushed the Americans to declare war?

The Americans declared war due to British trade restrictions, the impressment of American sailors into the British Navy, and British support of Indigenous resistance against westward expansion.

Why did the Americans invade Lower and Upper Canada?

The Americans believed that capturing Canadian territories would pressure Britain into negotiating. They also assumed that Canadians would support the invasion, which proved untrue.

Why did the Americans believe they would win?

The Americans expected Canadian support and believed that Britain’s military resources were stretched thin due to ongoing conflicts with France in Europe.

Who are the following? - General Brock, General Hull, and President James Madison.

General Isaac Brock was a British commander who led successful defenses in Canada. General William Hull was an American commander who surrendered Fort Detroit. James Madison was the U.S. President who declared war on Britain.

Who is Tecumseh (Shawnee First Nation Leader)? Who did he make an alliance with and why?

Tecumseh was a Shawnee leader who formed an alliance with the British to resist American expansion into Indigenous territories. He sought to unite Indigenous nations to defend their lands.

Who did Chief Tecumseh trick at the Fort of Detroit? What was the battle tactic he used? What was the outcome?

Tecumseh and General Brock tricked General Hull by making their forces appear larger through deceptive maneuvers. Hull surrendered Fort Detroit without a fight, securing a major British victory.

What was the Queenston Heights battle? What was the outcome?

The Battle of Queenston Heights occurred in 1812. British and Indigenous forces, led by General Brock and Indigenous leader John Norton, defeated the Americans. Brock was killed in the battle.

What did Laura Secord do to help the British?

Laura Secord, a Canadian heroine, walked 30 kilometers to warn British forces of an impending American attack. Her efforts contributed to the British victory at the Battle of Beaver Dams.

Why did the British burn down the American White House?

In 1814, British troops burned the White House and other government buildings in Washington, D.C., as retaliation for the American destruction of York (Toronto).

How did the war end?

The War of 1812 ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in 1814. Both sides agreed to restore pre-war boundaries without territorial changes.

What was the result of this war? For the British, French, Americans, and Indigenous.

Britain and the U.S. returned to pre-war borders. French Canadians retained their cultural identity under British rule. Indigenous nations lost significant influence and land, while Americans viewed the war as a defense of their sovereignty.