APHUG Chapter 10 Economic Development and Change

what is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere

Haiti

according to figure 10.2, what Brazilian city generates over one-third of the national income

San Paulo

the process of growth, expansion, or realization of potential; bringing regional resources into full productive use:

development

urbanization, modernization, and improvement in levels of material production and consumption:

development

a level of economic and social achievement below what could be reached were necessary capital and technology available:

underdevelopment

what does NIC stand for

newly industrialized countries

discussions of development to begin with

economic measures

there is a close relationship between economic and \__ measures of development

social

the relationship between social-economic and demographic variables is usually __

inverse

\__ education or income levels are usually associated with \__ infant mortality, birth, and death rates

higher

according to table 10.1, has the absolute disparity between the north and south increased or decreased between 1960 and 2004

decreased

the total value of goods and services produced per year at home or abroad bu domestically-owned interests within a country

gross national income

a measurement of a country's wealth that takes account of what money actually buys in the country

purchasing power party

in what part of Europe is GNI per capita highest

northwestern

is Latin America low, middle, or high income

middle

is East Europe low, middle, or high income

middle

what is the primary measure used by the World Bank to gauge economic performances

gross national income

is GNI per capita a good indication of income distribution within a country

no

that part of a national economy that involves productive labor not subject to formal systems of control or payment, such as taxation; economic activity or individual enterprise operating without official recognition or measured by official statistics

informal economy

in what 4 areas is the informal economy vital to the livelihoods of many workers

Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean

\__ consumption is common measure of advancement because it correlates with income, industrialization, and us of advanced technology

per capita energy

how much more energy is used by industrialized countries compared to developing countries

10 times as much

how does japan acquire most of its energy

imports it

what is animate energy

human or animal labor

a high percentage of employment in \__ is associated with underdevelopment

agriculture

what sector have many development programs focused on commercializing

agriculture

when a labor force is primarily engaged in subsistence agriculture, what is there a limited amount of

capital accumulation or economic growth

what 3 things are positive about traditional subsistence agriculture

less damaging to the environment, preserves traditional way of life, and meets food needs

according to figure 10.8 what 6 countries in asia has a greater than 60% of the workforce engaged in agriculture

afghanistan, nepal, burma/myanmar, laos, cambodia, and papau new guinea

what is a more frequent outcome of poverty than famines

long term chronic undernourishment

what is the ultimate indicator of economic well-being

food

refers to the situation wherein every person has access to safe and nutritious food of sufficient quantity for an active and healthy lifestyle

food security

how many calories is considered the minimum necessary daily consumption level

2350

like other national indicators, caloric intake figures must be viewed with __

suspicion

approximately how many billion people are undernourished

1

what are the two major causes of undernourishment

rising food prices and poverty

what regions have made the most improvements in reducing hunger levels

east asia, southeast asia, and latin america

what regions have seen an increase in chronically undernourished people

middle east, south asia, and sub saharan africa

what increases vulnerability to infections

dietary insufficiency in the first year

in what region are half the world's undernourished children found

south asia

looking at figure 10.9, what 4 continents have the lowest percentage of children under 5 that are malnourished

north america, south america, europe, austrialia

what type of labor force is essential to take advantage of advanced technology and to compete in the global economy

an educated one

do public schools in the LDCs have tuition

yes

what is believed to lower birth rates, improve family health practices, and extend life expectancy

female education

according to figure 10.11, what two countries in aisa have the lowest adult literacy rate

iraq and bangladesh

what causes many water-borne diarrheal diseases such as chloera, dysentery, and typhoid fever

fecal contamination

what kind of diseases kill an estimated 1.4 million children each year

diarreal

what do many women in LDCs often spend hours a day doing that people in MDCs don't

carrying water

how many estimated people lack basic sanitation

2.6 billion

in what part of a country are problems of water and sanitation most pronounced

urban slums

what two countries in asia have the lowest percentage of population with access to safe drinking water

afghanistan and papau new guinea

what two countries in the western hemisphere have the lowest percentage of population with access to safe drinking water

paru and haiti

what two countries in africa have the lowest percentage of population with access to safe drinking water

egypt and botswana

what 3 regions have a severe shortage of doctors

sub saharan africa, central america, and south asia

where do trained health professionals in developing countries tend to congregate

urban areas

the loss of developing country's most educated citizens as they emigrate in search of better educational and career opportunities in developed countries

brain drain

around what percentage of practicing physicians in the us are from abroad

25%

around what percentage of sub saharan children do not live up to their fifth birthday

14%

around what percentage of infant and child deaths in developing countries are preventable

90%

what are the 3 chief killers in MDCs

cancer, heart attacks, and strokes

what are the 3 deadly dangerous types of diseases to youthful populations in LDCs

infections, respiratory, and parasitic

what part of subsaharan africa has the highest AIDs prevalence

southern

is malaris found more in low, middle or high latitudes

low

around how many people die of malaria every year

one million

what are some solutions to malaria

nets. insecticide sprays, and anti-malarial drugs

the contrast between the technology available in developed core regions and that present in peripheral areas of underdevelopment

technology gap

in the modern world there is a widespread sharing of what 3 things

technologies, organizational forms, and cultural traits

the diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or region of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society

technology transfer

in general what do high income countries have

high per capita incomes, small proportion of workers engaged in agriculture, and most population living in cities

are less developed countries in stage 3 or 4 of the demographic transition

stage 3

in very general terms are the richer countries in the middle or low latitudes

middle

in very general terms are the poorest countries in the middle or low latitudes

low

list 2 countries that has poor people living in tropical portion of the country

amazonia and yucatan

what type of region faces major ecological handicaps of low agricultural productivity, challenging soil conditions, and higher incidence of plant, animal, and human disease

tropical

what 3 very poor countries fall in the middle latitudes

afghanistan, north korea, and mongolia

location matters, but it is not __

destiny

why do many economists believe that reliance on natural resource wealth by LDCs undermines their prospects for growth

it interferes with the development of manufacturing industries

is overpopulation and overcrowding a frequently discusses cause of poverty

yes

what are two reasons many landlocked countries are less developed

reduced access to global markets and greater costs to transport goods

in what 4 counties did colonist largely replace the original inhabitants

austrailia, new zealand, canada, usa

for what reason did colonist design infrastructure in colonies

exploitation for mother country profit

african borders were established without regard for the boundaries of __

ethnic groups

what is the problem with the gambia's shape

narrow shape inhibits trad and communication between north and south

after what war did colonial empires begin to dismantle

WW2

development is the logical progression from traditional to modern as societies adopt the characteristics of advanced societies

modernization theory

what are some characteristics of advanced societies

advanced technology, urbanization, high per capita incomes, high quality of life, completed demographic transition, individualism, democracy, capitalism

summarize the 6 stages of growth and advancement proposed by Walter Rostow

(1) traditional societies: subsistence agriculture, (2) preconditions for takeoff: external intrusion initiates change, becoming an organizing structure, (3) takeoff: industrialization, (4) the drive to maturity: economic output grows faster than population, (5) the age of consumption: consumer goods and services rival heavy industry, (6) the postindustrial stage: the rise of services that replace secondary activities

what countries were seen as a blueprint to development

western

what did the UN believe would trigger development

foreign assistance, technology transfer from advanced economics, and infrastructure investments

the uneven spatial pattern observed in standards of living and levels of economic development

uneven spatial development

a model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating developed core region

core-peripheral model

a process through which tendencies for economic growth are self-reinforcing; an expression of the multiplier effect

circular and cumulative causation

is the core or periphery often exploited

periphery

the periphery is often milked for what 3 things

surplus labor, raw materials, profits

the diffusion outward of the benefits of economic growth and prosperity from the power center or core area to poorer districts and people. purposeful tasks

spread effect

what is the term for a declining deindustrialized area

rust belt

a theory that attempts to explain the patterns and processed of economic development by extending the core-periphery model to the international scene, arguing that the development of the advanced core nations has depended upon the underdevelopment of the peripheral nations

dependency theory

what theory of development did karl marx influence

dependency theory

what theory of development believes developing countries were made poor by their interactions with advanced countries, starting with colonial

dependency theory

what does the dependency theory see the periphery as an exporter of

food and raw materials