CM QUICKNOTES

pH 7 to 8

Normal stool pH

pH 5.5 or less

Stool pH associated with CHO disorders

GLITTER CELLS stain LIGHT BLUE as opposed to the VIOLET COLOR usually seen with NEUTROPHILS.

When stained with Sternheimer-Malbin stain

Prussian blue stain for iron is used and stains the hemosiderin granules a blue color.

After episodes of hemoglobinuria, yellow-brown granules may be seen in renal tubular epithelial cells and casts or free-floating in the urine sediment.

What stain is used to confirm that these granules are hemosiderin?

Prealbumin (transthyretin)

Second most prevalent protein in CSF

MECONIUM

defined as a newborn's first bowel movement, is formed in the intestine from fetal intestinal secretions and swallowed amniotic fluid.

It is a dark green, mucus-like material. It may be present in the amniotic fluid as a result of fetal distress.

pink solution

APT test: fetal blood

yellow-brown supernatant

APT test: maternal blood

Florence test

test for choline

Iodine, KI

dark brown rhombic crystals

Barbiero's test

test for spermine

Picric acid, TCA

yellow leafshaped crystals, needles

Blondheim's test

test to differentiate hemoglobin from myoglobin, ammonium sulfate will precipitate hemoglobin

Ferning

Early pregnancy

1200 mL/min

Total renal BLOOD flow

600 to 700 mL/min

Total renal PLASMA flow

ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS

GRANULAR, DIRTY, BROWN CASTS representing hemoglobin degradation products such as methemoglobin

MELENA

BLACK, TARRY STOOL associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage

BULKY/FROTHY STOOL

pancreatic disorder, bile-duct obstruction

RIBBON-LIKE STOOL

intestinal constriction

BLACK STOOL

upper GI bleeding, iron therapy, charcoal, BISMUTH (antacids)

AZOOSPERMIA

absence of sperm in a semen sample

OLIGOSPERMIA

low sperm count

SPERMATIDS

immature spermatozoa

SERTOLI CELLS

Part of the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules, give rise to spermatozoa

LEYDIG CELLS

cells of the testicles that produce testosterone

ACROSOMAL CAP

tip of a spermatozoa head, which contains enzymes for entry into an ovum

PROTEIN ERROR OF INDICATORS

color-change phenomenon occurring because PROTEINS ACT AS HYDROGEN ION ACCEPTORS AT A CONSTANT PH

SPINNING MOTION

Urinometer is placed with a

BOTTOM

The scale reading is then taken at the ________ OF THE URINE MENISCUS.

ASPARAGUS

Studies have shown that although everyone who eats _____ produces a urine odor, ONLY certain genetically predisposed people can smell the odor.

METHIONINE MALABSORPTION

CABBAGE urine odor

RENAL TUBULUES; ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

The heme portion of MYOGLOBIN IS TOXIC TO _____________; and high concentrations can cause ____________________.

EDGES

CASTS tend to locate NEAR THE _______ OF THE COVERSLIP

MONOHYDRATE CAOX (WHEWELLITE)

ETHYLENE GLYCOL (anti-freeze) poisoning

TRIPLE PHOSPHATE

coffin-lid or FEATHERY APPEARANCE (as they disintegrate)

MAKLER COUNTING CHAMBER

provides a method for counting UNDILUTED seminal fluid. Sperms are immobilized by heating part of the specimen prior to charging the chamber

COMPUTER-ASSISTED SEMEN ANALYSIS (CASA)

provides OBJECTIVE determination of both SPERM VELOCITY and TRAJECTORY (DIRECTION OF MOTION)

30 mL; 2 - 3 mL

A maximum of ______ AMNIOTIC FLUID is collected in sterile syringes. The first ______ collected can be contaminated by maternal blood, tissue fluid and cells and are discarded.

OSMOTIC DIARRHEA

increased RETENTION of water and solutes in the large intestine associated with MALABSORPTION AND MALDIGESTION

SECRETORY DIARRHEA

increased SECRETION of water and electrolytes into the large intestine caused by BACTERIAL ENTEROTOXINS.

CONSISTENTLY ALKALINE

In renal tubular acidosis, the pH of urine is

150 mg

Daily loss of protein in urine, normally does not exceed

ammonium sulfate (BLONDHEIM'S TEST)

Hemoglobin differentiated from myoglobin

Sternheimer-Malbin stain composition

Crystal Violet and Safranin

Pseudocasts

formed by amorphous urates

ACUTE GLOMERULOPNEPHRITIS

Moderate hematuria and RBC casts

PYELONEPHRITIS

Pyuria with bacterial and WBC casts

HIPPURIC ACID

Crystals appears in urine as long, thin hexagonal plate, and is linked to ingestion of large amounts of benzoic acid

Oval fat bodies

lipid-containing RTE cells

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

GREATEST PROTEINURIA (Heavy proteinuria >4g/day)

CALCIUM OXALATE

Whewellite and weddellite kidney stones

STRUVITE

TRIPLE PHOSPHATE/magnesium ammonium phosphate

Apatite

CALCIUM PHOSPHATE

Limulus lysate test

Gram negative bacterial endotoxin

Amoeba in CSF

characteristic pseudopod mobility in WET PREP ON PRE-WARMED SLIDE

GOUT

uric acid or monosodium urate

PSEUDOGOUT

calcium pyrophosphate

SERUM FREE ESTRIOL

BEST TEST for determining the status of the fetoplacental unit

acrosomal deficiency

SPERM with SMALL OR ABSENT HEADPIECE

VARICOCELE

Most common cause of male infertility

Pap's stain

Stain of choice for SPERM MORPHOLOGY

EOSIN

Stain to determine SEPRM VIABILITY

ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME

Serum GASTRIN levels would be greatest in

Glomerulus

serves as nonselective filter (SIEVE) of plasma substances with MW of less than 70,000 daltons

275 to 300 mOsm

Serum osmolarity

50 and 1,400 mOsm

Urine osmolarity range

70 mEq/day

Normal person excretes approximately ______ of acid in the form of titratable acid (H+) or ammonium ions (NH4+)

600 to 2,000 mL in 24 hours

Urine volume range

1,200 to 1,500 mL in 24 hours

Urine volume average

pH 4.5 to 8

Normal random urine pH

pH 5 to 6

First morning urine pH

0.003

1 g/dL protein, raise urine specific gravity by refractometer or urinometer by

0.004

1 g/dL glucose, raise urine specific gravity by refractometer or urinometer by

1.000

Calibration of refractometer using distilled water

1.022 ± 0.001

Calibration of refractometer using 5% NaCl

1.034 ± 0.001

Calibration of refractometer using 9% Sucrose

less than 10 mg/dL

100 mg/24 hours

(Henry less than 150mg/24 hours)

Urine protein

20 to 200 ug/min

30 to 300 mg albumin/24 hours

Significant AER

160 to 180 mg/dL

Renal threshold for glucose

78%

20%

2%

Ketones:

BHA

AAA

Acetone

at least 25 mg/dL

Concentration of myoglobin must be ________ before a red pigmentation can be visualized

mg/dL

Ehrlich's units (EU) are EQUAL to

0 to 500,000 RBCs

0 to 1,800,000 WBCs and epithelial cells

0 to 5,000 hyaline casts in a 12-hour urine

Normal values for the Addis count:

_______ RBCs

_______WBCs and epithelial cells

_______hyaline casts in a 12-hour urine

400 RCF for 5 minutes

Centrifugation for urine microscopic exam

20 uL OR 0.02 mL

Volume of sediment, glass slide method _____ or ______ covered by 22 x 22 mm coverslip

tubular injury

More than 2 RTE cells/hpf indicates ______ and specimens should be referred for cytologic urine testing

20 mL

Approximately ______ of CSF is produced every hour in the choroid plexuses and reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi

newer edition Strasinger 90 to 150 mL

(old edition 140 to 170 mL)

CSF total volume in adult

10 - 60 mL

CSF total volume in neonate

0 to 5 WBCs/uL

Normal adult WBC CSF

0 to 30 WBCs/uL

Normal neonate WBC CSF

viral infections

Reactive lymphocytes in CSF

MS or other degenerating neurologic disorders

Moderately elevated WBC count (less than 50 WBCs/uL) with increased normal and reactive lymphocytes and plasma cells may be indicative of

parasitic infections, fungal infections primarily COCCIDIOIDES IMMITIS

Increased eosinophils in CSF

60 to 70 percent

CSF glucose is approximately _______ that of plasma glucose

15 to 45 mg/dL

Normal CSF protein

8 to 18 mg/dL

Normal concentration of glutamine in CSF

within 30 to 60 minutes

Sperm liquefaction

2 to 5 mL

Sperm volume

pH 7.2 to 8

Sperm pH

at least 200 sperms should be evaluated

Sperm morphology