U.S. Expansion and Progressivism: 1890-1920

Manifest Destiny

19th-century belief in U.S. territorial expansion.

Social Darwinism

Theory justifying imperialism through perceived racial superiority.

Manifest Destiny

19th-century belief in U.S. territorial expansion.

Social Darwinism

Theory justifying imperialism through perceived racial superiority.

White Man's Burden

Idea that Westerners had to civilize non-Westerners.

Good Neighbor Policy

U.S. approach fostering relations in Latin America.

Open Door Policy

U.S. proposal for equal trade in China.

Gentlemen's Agreement

1907 pact limiting Japanese immigration to U.S.

Root-Takahira Agreement

1908 accord protecting China from Japanese control.

Alfred Mahan

Naval officer advocating for U.S. naval expansion.

Spanish-American War

1898 conflict resulting in U.S. territorial gains.

Teller Amendment

U.S. promise not to annex Cuba post-war.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Agreement ending Spanish-American War, granting territories.

Philippine-American War

Conflict over U.S. control of the Philippines.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of Filipino resistance against U.S. rule.

Platt Amendment

Legislation allowing U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs.

American Anti-Imperialist League

Group opposing U.S. imperialism formed in 1899.

Progressivism

Movement addressing social issues from 1890s to 1920.

Muckrakers

Journalists exposing social issues and corruption.

Hull House

Settlement house founded by Jane Addams in Chicago.

Social Gospel

Religious movement advocating for social justice.

Mugwumps

Reformers seeking to end political corruption.

Settlement Houses

Community centers aiding urban poor and immigrants.

18th Amendment

Prohibition amendment banning alcohol in the U.S.

Cuban Independence

Result of the Spanish-American War, granted by Treaty.

Jacob Riis

Author of 'How the Other Half Lives' (1890).

Ida Tarbell

Investigated Standard Oil Company practices.

Upton Sinclair

Authored 'The Jungle', exposing meatpacking industry.

Pure Food & Drug Act

1906 law ensuring food and drug safety.

Social Darwinism

Belief in survival of the fittest in society.

William James

Philosopher who criticized Social Darwinism.

John Dewey

Promoted education through 'creative intelligence'.

Women's Trade Union League

First union to achieve collective bargaining victory.

Industrial Workers of the World

Inclusive union promoting revolutionary change.

Eugene V. Debs

Founded Socialist Party of America in 1901.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

1911 disaster highlighting poor working conditions.

Henry Ford's $5-day

Innovative wage strategy improving worker conditions.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote in 1920.

Margaret Sanger

Advocated birth control for lower-class women.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 case establishing 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Booker T. Washington

Promoted gradual civil rights through self-improvement.

W.E.B. DuBois

Called for immediate integration and civil rights.

NAACP

Founded in 1909 to advance African-American rights.

Wisconsin Idea

La Follette's approach promoting democracy and efficiency.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president known for progressive reforms.

Square Deal

Roosevelt's policy for fair treatment of all.

Hepburn Act

1906 law enhancing ICC's railroad regulation powers.

Underwood Tariff Act

Established first graduated income tax in 1913.

Underwood Tariff Act

Established the first graduated income tax in 1913.

Federal Reserve Act

Created efficient banking regulation in 1913.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Strengthened government regulation of monopolies in 1914.

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol enacted in 1920.

19th Amendment

Granted female suffrage in 1920.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Theodore Roosevelt's policy of aggressive foreign engagement.

Panama Canal

Strategic waterway completed under TR in 1914.

Roosevelt Corollary

U.S. claimed police powers in Latin America.

Lodge Corollary

Added economic elements to the Monroe Doctrine in 1912.

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft's approach using trade for foreign policy.

Moral Diplomacy

Wilson's focus on peace and democracy in foreign relations.

Mexican Revolution

Conflict where Wilson intervened militarily in 1913.

Sussex Pledge

Agreement easing U.S.-Germany tensions over submarine warfare.

Zimmerman Telegram

German proposal to Mexico, prompting U.S. war entry.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

U.S. military force led by John Pershing in WWI.

Preparedness

Wilson's policy to strengthen U.S. military before war.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany's tactic leading to U.S. war declaration.

Lusitania

British ship sunk by German U-boats in 1915.

Arabic and Sussex

Ships attacked by Germany, escalating U.S. tensions.

Election of 1916

Wilson campaigned on neutrality and preparedness.

Central Powers

Alliance opposing the Allies in World War I.

Allied Powers

Coalition including the U.S., Britain, and France.

World War I

Global conflict from 1914 to 1918 involving major powers.

Selective Service Act

Drafted 2.8 million soldiers, including black troops.

Committee on Public Information

Produced effective war propaganda under George Creel.

Chateau Thierry

Site where U.S. troops aided French resistance.

Armistice

Germany signed on November 11, 1918, ending fighting.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

German attacks on commerce prompting U.S. entry.

Woodrow Wilson's War Message

Advocated for democracy and human rights in war.

Economic collapse hypothesis

U.S. feared loss of loans to Allies.

Morgan loans

Negotiated large loans to France and England.

$2.25 billion

Amount loaned to Allies by U.S. by 1917.

$27 million

Amount loaned to Germany by U.S. by 1917.

War for business hypothesis

Critics claimed war benefited wealthy financiers.

21,000 millionaires

New millionaires created during the war period.

69,000 men

Earned over three billion dollars during the war.

American neutrality

U.S. stance before entering World War I.

George W. Norris

Senator opposing Wilson's war message.

Gerald Nye

Senator criticizing war for bankers' interests.

CPI effectiveness

CPI successfully influenced public opinion for war.

Fresh U.S. troops

Helped turn the tide of World War I.

Convey arrival

U.S. troops arrived in Europe via convoy.

Allied counter-attack

U.S. troops aided in pushing into Germany.

Vindication of right

Wilson's motive for U.S. involvement in war.

Safe for democracy

Wilson's goal to promote democratic principles globally.

Segregated ranks

Black soldiers served in separate units during war.

Cultural Ties

Historical connections influencing U.S. foreign policy decisions.

Anti-German Sentiment

Negative feelings towards Germany fueled by propaganda.

Committee on Public Information

Agency led by George Creel to promote war efforts.

Espionage Act

Law penalizing spying and anti-war activities.

Sedition Act

Law restricting speech against the government during wartime.

War Industries Board

Agency coordinating production and prioritization of war materials.

Food Administration

Agency managing food rationing and distribution during WWI.

Fuel Administration

Agency overseeing fuel conservation and allocation during the war.