IB Medicinal Chemistry SL Option D

Drug

a chemical that affects how the body works

Medicine

substance that improves health

Methods of administering drugs

oral, inhalation, skin patches, suppository, eye-ear drops, injection

Bioavailability

the fraction of an administered drug that reaches the blood supply

Side effects

physiological effects which are not intended

Dyspepsia

feelings of pain and discomfort in the upper abdomen

Antacids

drugs that combat excess stomach acid by neutralizing the HCl and thus relieving the negative symptoms

Aluminum hydroxide

Al(OH)3

Calcium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2

Magnesium hydroxide

Mg(OH)2

Metal + metal oxide

Salt + water

Metal + carbonate

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Omeprazole and Esomeprazole

Directly prevent the release of acid into the stomach by inhibiting the proton pump

Gastric juice

Excess acid produced by alcohol, smoking, caffeine, stress and some anti-inflammatory drugs
-can lead to indigestion, heartburn, ulcer

HCl

Produced in the stomach, secreted by partial cells found in the gastric glands in the lining of the stomach
-helps kill bacteria
-provide optimum environment for the action of its digestive enzymes

Histamine-H2 interaction

When H-2 receptors, which are located in the parietal cells of the stomach, interact with histamine and, as a result,acid is released into the stomach as a result

Diamorphine (heroin)

Produced by morphine during esterification reactions in which both of morphine's hydroxyl groups are converted into ethanoate groups by reaction with ethanoic acid (C3COOH) and ethanoic anahydride ((CH3CO)2O)
-much less polar
-more lipid soluble
-therefore very addicting

Methalyation

A process for one of morphine's -OH hydroxyl groups is converted into methyl ether

Codeine

Can be synthesized from morphine, found at low-level from morphine, found that low-level's and opium but is more commonly prepared for morphine. A semi synthetic drug
-less polar than morphine
-weaker analgesic than morphine

Morphine

Principal drug derived from opium, has six times the bioavailability when injected then when taken orally
-two -OH hydroxyl groups in morphine give it some polarity which limits its ability to cross the BBB

Lipids

Fat
-non polar

Blood-brain barrier

A protective membrane bound structure that surrounds our brain. Protects the brain by restricting the chemicals that can enter from the blood
-nonpolar
-hydrophobic

Constipation, suppression of the cough reflex, constriction of the eye pupil, narcotic effects

Side effects of narcotics use

pH the stomach generates

pH of 1-2

Antibiotics

Chemicals that are usually produced by microorganisms, which have actions against other microorganisms

Penicillin

An antibacterial agent that is produced by the Penicillium fungus

beta-lactam ring

Consists of one nitrogen in three carbons and is part of the molecule responsible for penicillins antibacterial properties

Key to penicillin's biological activity

The strain of the bonds of the B-L ring weakens their bonds, which subsequently breaks the ring

Transpeptidase

Enzyme of bacteria that BL ring of penicillin traps-able to do this because of its very active amide functional group

Therapeutic effect

Beneficial effect of a medicine

First pass effect

Relatively low bioavailability of a drug taken orally; means that as little as 20-40% of an orally taken drug will reach the bloodstream

Antiretroviral Drugs

suppresses the HIV infection enough so that they allow patients to live longer lives with more chance of a higher quality of life

Reverse Transcriptase

an enzyme encoded from the genetic materials of retroviruses that catalyzes transcription of retrovirus RNA into DNA

Retrovirus

genetic material in the form of RNA rather than DNA

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

infects the white blood cells of the human body

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza)

antivirus to help prevent the spread of the flu virus
-zanamivir is taken through inhalation

-alkenyl
-ether
-primary amino
-carboxyamide
-ester

Functional Groups of Oseltamivir

-alkenyl
-ether
-primary amino
-carboxyamide
-carboxylic acid
-hydroxyl (3)

Functional Groups of Zanamivir

Neuraminidase Inhibitor

Drug action of Oseltamivir

Neuraminidase Inhibitor

Drug action of Zanamivir

Orally

Administration of Oseltamivir

Inhalation

Administration of Zanamivir

nausea, vomiting

Counter-effects of Oseltamivir

possible asthma

Counter-effects of Zanamivir

Influenza

the flu, very common to catch, caused by two main types of viruses, known as influenza A and B
-has 1. Hemagglutin (H) and 2. Neuraminidase (N) [best protein to target]

Antiviral

an agent that kills a virus or that suppresses its ability to replicate and, hence, inhibits its capability to mulitply and reproduce
-example: amantadine [which has a cage like structure]

Vaccines

works by stimulating the body to prepare specific antibodies which give immunity
-mutations threaten vaccines

Prophylactic Treatment

preventative healthcare
-example: vaccines

Electron Microscope

what we study viruses with since they are small

Viruses

take over functioning cell (host cell) and uses that cell to carry out its own reproduction

Dormant Viruses

Viruses that hides outs in our cells
-example: herpes and chickenpox

Opioids

natural analgesics that are derived from opium, which is found in poppy seeds

Strong analgesics

kill pain by preventing the transmission of pain impulses in the brain, rather than at the source

Beta-Lactamase enzyme/ penicillinase

breaks apart the beta-lactam ring of penicillin and renders it useless since it does does not allow its active amide group to bond to the transpeptidase bacterial enzyme

ENT Infections

Penicillin is effective against \__ infections

Transpeptidase

enzyme of bacteria that BL ring of penicillin

Key to Penicillins Biological Activity

the strain of the bonds of the BL ring weaken their bonds which subsequently breaks the ring

Beta-Lactam ring

consists of one nitrogen and three carbons and is part of the molecule responsible for penicillin's antibacterial properties

X-Ray crystallography

how the structure of penicillin was found

Penicillin

an antibacterial agent that is produced by the penicillium fungus

Antibiotics

chemicals that are usually produced by microorganisms, which have actions against other microorganisms

Synergy

physiological that occurs when aspirin is taken with ethanol in alcoholic drinks
-produces increased bleeding of the stomach lining and increased risk of ulcers

Prophylactic

something that prevents diseases

Anticoagulant

reduces the ability of blood to clot

Antipyretic

fever reducer

Substitution reaction

salicylic acid undergoes a \____ in the esterification reaction that turns it into aspirin

Arenes

class of organic compounds that are derived from the molecule Benzene (C6H6)

Recrystallization

a technique used to purify chemicals. By dissolving both impurities and a compound in an appropriate solvent, either the desired compound or impurites can be removed from the solution

Acetylsalicylic acid

AKA aspirin. product of combination with salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride

Esterification Reaction

when a chemical reaction forms ester as a reaction product

Salicylic acid

what salicin turns into in our bodies

salicin

chemical with in the willow tree that gave relief to pain and fever

Mild Analgesics

act by preventing stimulation of the nerve endings at the site of pain, and inhibit the release of prostaglandins from the site of injury
-includes aspirin and other NSAIDS

Prostaglandins

chemicals which are released from cells damaged by thermal, chemical or mechanical energy
-they stimulate pain receptors
-try to mediate inflammatory response
-may have effect on temperature regulation

Pain receptors

pain is detected by the brain when messages are sent from here

Analgesics

Painkillers, the largest class of drugs and medication that exists
-do not interfere with functions of the brain [non-narcotics]

receptor

a site in the body that responds to a particular chemical
-the activity of most drugs is determined by their ability to bind to a specific receptors in the body

Therapeutic index

ratio of the dose that produces toxicity to the dose that produces a clinically effective response in a population

Therapeutic window

a range of doses that produces therapeutic reponse without causing any significant adverse effect in patients

Beneficial effect

aspirin, which is taken for pain relief, has the \___ side effect of protecting against heart disease

Adverse effect

aspirin, which is taken for pain relief, has the \___ side effect of extreme drowsiness, damage to organs, deformities

Benign effect

some antibiotics can cause stomach cramps, nausea, constipation, etc. not harmful, just annoying