The Language of Composition #3

What does the “shape” of an argument refer to?

It refers to the organization or arrangement of an argument, influenced by audience and purpose.

What are the four common ways to structure an argument mentioned in the text?

1. classical oration

2. induction

3. deduction

4. Toulmin model

What is the purpose of the introduction (exordium) in classical oration?

It introduces the subject, draws readers in, and often establishes ethos.

Which section of classical oration provides background and factual information?

The narration (narratio), which appeals to logos but often also pathos.

What does the confirmation (confirmatio) contain?

The development or proof of the argument, making the strongest appeal to logos.

What is the role of the refutation (refutatio)?

It addresses counterarguments and appeals largely to logos.

How does the conclusion (peroratio) function in classical oration?

1. brings the essay to a close

2. appeals to pathos

3. reinforces ethos

4. answers “so what?”

What is induction in reasoning?

It is reasoning from specific cases to a general conclusion, leading to probability rather than certainty.

What is deduction in reasoning?

It applies a general principle (major premise) to a specific case (minor premise) to reach a necessary conclusion.

Why can deduction help combat stereotypes?

Because breaking stereotypes into syllogisms exposes faulty premises and weakens overgeneralizations.