baka bio 4

G0 Phase

a phase when the cell is not in the cell cycle

Organism Growth

when cell production > cell death

somatic cells

body cells, not sperms or eggs

Interphase

G1, G2,S Phases

Mitosis

PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

Cytokenesis

Final division of cells

G1 phase

cell grows and prepares for DNA synthesis

S phase

DNA replication

G2 Phase

More growing and prepare for mitosis

Prophase

DNA condenses, nucleus dissolves

Prometaphase

spindles form

metaphase

spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, chromosomes line up at the equator

Anaphase

spindle fibers move chromosomes apart

telophase

Nucleus reforms, DNA decondense

Cytokinesis

is the final stage of cell division, where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

How do cells move to the next step

CDK proteins activate cyclins to regulate progression.

How do CDKS work

growth factor signals the cell to make Cyclin proteins

cyclin proteins bind to their specific CDK

the CDK initiates a phosphorylation cascade and brings to the next step

growth factor —> cyclins —> bind to CDK —> phosphorylation

cell cycle arrest

where the damaged cells go

reparable damage

go back through cycle to produce new DNAi

irreparable damage

PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH

Ligand

chemical signal

receptor

the docking port for the ligand, they are specific to eachother

Mutations in Ligand or Receptor

too much or too little signaling

Transduction

Ligand binding to receptor and the receptor changes shape, amplifying the signal to the rest of the cell

autocrine

cell signals itself, own ligand, own receptor . (Cancer causer)

Direct Contact

cells directly touch, tunnel connects their cytoplasms

Short distance

synapse: neurotransmitter (chemicals) diffuse from one neuron to the next,

Endocrine

Long distance travel, through the bloodstream

G Proteins receptors are active when…

GDP turns to GTP

Active G protein receptor does what:

activates adenylyl cyclase —> cyclic- AMP —> amplify response

G protein structure

the receptor weaves in and out SEVEN times

how do RTK work

outer receptor, inner tyrosine zone, when ligand binds, it causes a phosphorylation cascaed

Phosphorylation Cascade

a series of enzymatic reactions that amplify a signal through a chain reaction of enzymes adding phosphates to things