Leukocytes, Fetal Pig Dissection, and pH Lab

Neutrophils

First responder WBCs that phagocytose bacteria; increase during bacterial infections and acute inflammation.

Lymphocytes

B cells and T cells; increase during viral and chronic infections.

Monocytes

WBCs that become macrophages for long-term cleanup; increase in chronic, fungal, or TB infections.

Eosinophils

WBCs that attack parasites and modulate allergic reactions; increase during parasitic infections or allergies.

Basophils

WBCs that release histamine and heparin; increase during allergic reactions and inflammation.

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Cells that transport oxygen via hemoglobin and carry some carbon dioxide.

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Cell fragments involved in clotting, forming platelet plugs, and activating the clotting cascade.

Copper Sulfate Test

Indirectly measures hemoglobin; blood sinks if hemoglobin is adequate and floats if low.

Hematocrit Test

Measures the percentage of red blood cells in whole blood.

Anemia vs. Polycythemia (Hematocrit)

Low hematocrit indicates anemia; high hematocrit indicates dehydration or polycythemia.

Arteries

Thick-walled vessels with round lumens carrying high-pressure blood away from the heart.

Veins

Thin-walled vessels with irregular lumens and valves carrying blood toward the heart.

Agglutination

The clumping of blood cells indicating the presence of a specific antigen.

Type A Blood

Has A antigens, anti-B antibodies, and agglutinates with anti-A serum.

Type B Blood

Has B antigens, anti-A antibodies, and agglutinates with anti-B serum.

Type AB Blood

Has A and B antigens, no antibodies, and agglutinates with both anti-A and anti-B.

Type O Blood

Has no antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies, and does not agglutinate with either serum.

Rh Blood Typing

Rh+ agglutinates with anti-Rh serum; Rh- does not agglutinate with anti-Rh serum.

Anterior vs. Posterior (Fetal Pig)

Anterior means toward the head; posterior means toward the tail.

Dorsal vs. Ventral (Fetal Pig)

Dorsal means toward the back; ventral means toward the belly.

Medial vs. Lateral (Fetal Pig)

Medial is toward the midline; lateral is away from the midline.

Proximal vs. Distal (Fetal Pig)

Proximal is closer to the attachment point; distal is farther away.

Trachea (Fetal Pig)

Thoracic organ characterized by cartilaginous rings.

Esophagus (Fetal Pig)

Muscular tube located behind the trachea.

Gall Bladder (Fetal Pig)

A green sac located under the liver.

Spleen (Fetal Pig)

A long, flat organ located on the left side of the abdominal cavity.

Pancreas (Fetal Pig)

Granular tissue located near the stomach and duodenum.

Aorta

The large artery leaving the left ventricle of the heart.

Vena Cava

Superior and inferior vessels that return blood to the right atrium.

Ureters

Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Acidic Household pH (Examples)

Lemon juice (2-3), vinegar (2-3), coffee (5), and milk (6-7).

Basic Household pH (Examples)

Baking soda (8-9), ammonia (11), and bleach (12-13).