IPS1 - [Powders] - Preparation Of Powders

Proverbs 16:3

Powder

A dosage form composed of a solid or mixture of solids reduced to a finely divided state and intended for internal (oral powder) or external (topical powder) use.

Pulvis

What is the LATIN name for POWDER?

● Flexibility in compounding

● Good chemical stability

● Rapid dispersion of ingredient because of small particle size

Advantages of POWDERS [3]

● Time consuming to prepare

● Inaccuracy of doses

● Difficulty in administration

● Not suitable for dispensing

Disadvantages of POWDERS [4]

Very Coarse

[POWDER PARTICLE SIZE]

Powder No. 8

Coarse

[POWDER PARTICLE SIZE]

Powder No. 20

Moderately Coarse

[POWDER PARTICLE SIZE]

Powder No. 40

Fine

[POWDER PARTICLE SIZE]

Powder No. 60

Very Fine

[POWDER PARTICLE SIZE]

Powder No. 80

Very Coarse (No. 8)

[POWDER PARTICLE SIZE]

All particles pass through a # 20 sieve and NMT 20% through a # 60 sieve

Coarse (No. 20)

[POWDER PARTICLE SIZE]

All particles pass through a # 20 sieve and NMT 40% through a # 60 sieve

Moderately Coarse (No. 40)

[POWDER PARTICLE SIZE]

All particles pass through a # 40 sieve and NMT 40% through a # 80 sieve

Fine (No. 60)

[POWDER PARTICLE SIZE]

All particles pass through a # 60 sieve and NMT 40% through a # 100 sieve

Very Fine (No. 80)

[POWDER PARTICLE SIZE]

All particles pass through a # 80 sieve. There is no limit to greater fineness.

● Comminution

● Blending

[PREPARATION OF POWDERS]

Methods of Preparation of Powders [2]

Comminution

[PREPARATION OF POWDERS]

This is the process of REDUCING the PARTICLE SIZE of solid particles into smaller fragments or fine powders.

● Trituration

● Levigation

● Pulverization by Intervention

[PREPARATION OF POWDERS]

Methods under COMMINUTION [3]

Trituration

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

This refers to the CONTINUOUS RUBBING or GRINDING of powder to reduce its particle size.

Mortar and Pestle

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

Equipment used in TRITURATION for SMALL-SCALE compounding

Mills and Pulverizers

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

Equipment used in TRITURATION for LARGE-SCALE compounding

Levigation

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

This refers to the process of decreasing the particle size of powders via triturating them with a mortar and pestle/ ointment tile(pill tile/Ointment slab) along with a SMALL AMOUNT OF LIQUID wherein the substance is INSOLUBLE to.

● Mortar and pestle

● Ointment tile, pill tile, or ointment slab

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

Equipment used in LEVIGATION [2]

Levigating agent

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

In LEVIGATION, ____ is a viscous liquid (such as mineral oil or glycerin) used to wet the solid particles. It has LOW SURFACE TENSION, allowing it to easily coat and disperse the solid particles.

TRUE

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

TRUE OR FALSE:

Levigating agents have LOW SURFACE TENSION, allowing it to easily coat and disperse the solid particles.

● Mineral oil

● Glycerin

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

Commonly used LEVIGATING AGENTS [2]

Levigating agent

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

This acts as a LUBRICANT as they also allow a smoother incorporation of solids in the preparation.

TRUE

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

TRUE OR FALSE:

Levigating agents also act as a LUBRICANT as they also allow a smoother incorporation of solids in the preparation.

Levigation

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

This is used in extemporaneous compounding and small-scale preparation of OINTMENTS AND SUSPENSIONS.

Pulverization by intervention

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

A method used for substances that are GUMMY, sticky, or RESISTANT to GRINDING (reagglomerate)

● A volatile substance (called an intervening solvent) is added — one in which the material is soluble.

● The substance dissolves in the solvent, making it easier to spread or mix.

● The solvent is then allowed to evaporate, leaving behind fine particles as the material recrystallizes out of solution.

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

Process of PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION [3]

Pulverization by intervention

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

The substance are reduced using an additional material that can be removed easily after pulverization is complete.

● Alcohol

● Acetone

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

Intervening solvents (volatile solvents) used in Pulverization by intervention [2]

Pulverization by intervention

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

The dissolved powder is then mixed in a mortar or spread on an ointment slab to enhance the evaporation of the solvent. As the solvent evaporates, the powder will recrystallize out of solution as fine particles.

● Mortar and pestle

● Ointment slab

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

Equipment used in Pulverization by intervention [2]

● Camphor + alcohol

● Iodine crystals + ether

[METHODS OF COMMINUTION]

Substances used in PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION [2]

For NON-POTENT drugs:

● Spatulation

● Trituration

● Sifting

● Tumbling

For POTENT drugs:

● Geometric Dilution

[PREPARATION OF POWDERS]

Methods under MIXING/BLENDING of POWDERS [4]

● Spatulation

● Trituration

● Sifting

● Tumbling

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

Methods for NON-POTENT drugs [4]

Geometric Dilution

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

Method for POTENT drugs [1]

Spatulation

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

This used spatula to blend small amounts of non-potent powders.

Spatulation

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

This is adequate for combinations of powders having the SAME DENSITIES.

Spatulation

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

This method is useful for solid substances that LIQUEFY or form EUTECTIC mixtures (i.e., mixtures that melt at a lower temperature than any of their ingredients) when in close, prolonged contact with one another because LITTLE compression or compaction results.

Spatulation

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

This is ideal for solid substances that liquefy or form eutectic mixtures, since it avoids too much pressure that could cause melting.

Eutectic mixtures

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

These are combinations of substances that liquefy when mixed or triturated because their combined melting point is lower than that of the individual components.

● Phenol

● Camphor

● Menthol

● Thymol

● Aspirin

● Phenyl salicylate

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

Examples of eutectic substances used in SPATULATION [6]

Pill Tile

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

Equipment used in SPATULATION [1]

Trituration

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

The process of DIRECT RUBBING or GRINDING of hard powders using a mortar and pestle to achieve a fine, uniform mixture.

● Glass

● Wedgewood

● Porcelain or Ceramic

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

Types of mortars used in TRITURATION [3]

Glass

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Smooth and nonporous surface

Smooth and nonporous surface

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Appearance of GLASS mortar and pestle

Glass

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Used for SIMPLE mixing and for preparing SOLUTIONS or SUSPENSIONS

Glass

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Used for HIGLY COLORED materials and dye

● Used for HIGLY COLORED materials and dye

● Used for SIMPLE mixing and for preparing SOLUTIONS or SUSPENSIONS

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Uses of GLASS mortar and pestle [2]

Wedgewood

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Porous and Rough surface

Porous and Rough surface

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Appearance of WEDGEWOOD mortar and pestle

Wedgewood

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Suitable for CRYSTALLINE solids

Wedgewood

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Suitable for MOST MATERIALS used in practice

● Suitable for CRYSTALLINE solids

● Suitable for MOST MATERIALS used in practice

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Uses of WEDGEWOOD mortar and pestle [2]

Porcelain or ceramic

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Porous, rough surface but less than wedgewood

Porous, rough surface but less than wedgewood

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Appearance of PORCELAIN or CERAMIC mortar and pestle

Porcelain or ceramic

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Used for SOFT, AGGREGATE CRYSTALS

Porcelain or ceramic

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Used for SEMI-SOLID preparations

● Used for SOFT, AGGREGATE CRYSTALS

● Used for SEMI-SOLID preparations

[MORTAR AND PESTLE USED IN TRITURATION]

Uses of PORCELAIN/CERAMIC mortar and pestle [2]

Sifting

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

Mixing powders by passing them through a SIFTER or FINE MESH screen, similar to sifting flour.

Sifting

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

NOT SUITABLE for the incorporation of POTENT drugs into a diluent powder

TRUE

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

TRUE OR FALSE:

Sifting is NOT SUITABLE for the incorporation of POTENT drugs into a diluent powder

Sifting

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

This method results in a LIGHT and FLUFFY product.

Tumbling

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

This the process of mixing powders in a closed, LARGE container rotated by a MOTORIZED process.

Tumbling

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

This is used for LARGE-SCALE mixing of powders, especially those with significant DIFFERENCES in DENSITY.

Tumbling

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

The BLENDERS are widely used in industry, as are large-volume powder mixers that use motorized blades to blend the powder in a large mixing vessel.

● Ribbon blender (U-shaped)

● Plastic blender

● Twin-Shell blender (V-blender)

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

Types of Tumbling mixers/blenders

Geometric Dilution

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

This is applicable to SMALL amounts of POTENT substances to be mixed with an equal volume of DILUENT.

Geometric Dilution

[METHODS OF MIXING/BLENDING OF POWDERS]

This ensures uniform distribution of the POTENT substance.