Brianna Hall PDF Intro to Anatomy Pt. 1-2 (Knowt Notes Flashcards)

Historic knowledge on human anatomy

Very limited, dissections were not allowed. Butchers had more knowledge of anatomy than physicians

Historically what did a physician depend on

bodily fluids such as blood, bile, phlegm which brought about bloodletting as a common medical practice

During the Renaissance how did things change?

Medical schools came about which promoted the dissection of human cadavers and use the scientific method of observation and hypothesis ttesting to prove direct links between illnesses and treatments

rather than relying on supestitious or religious traditions

Scientific Method

Single best method for obtaining true answers about the world because our current thinking can be progressively modified by new data

Anatomy Ana

up or apart

Anatomy looks at structure

Tomos

to cut

Inspection

looking

Examples

• size: swollen ?

• shape : broken?

• color? black and blue

Palpation

touching

Examples

• touching a child’s bruise

Percussion

tapping

Examples

• massage therapy

• diagnostic for lung conditions

Gross anatomy

features visible with naked eye

Microanatomy

A microscope is required for things such as cytology and histology

Histology

study of tissue

Auscultation

hearing

• using a stethoscope to hear heartbeat

What are the four pillars of physical examination

Inspection

Palpation

Auscultation

Percussion

Cytology

Study of cells and cell types

Physiology

Function: How and why structures work

• Anatomy would say that there are 206 bones, but physiology asks how those bones develop, remodel, and repair.

• What is normal human body temperature

• How do muscles contract

• What does the frontal cortex of the brain do?

• why do we sweat?

Why is Physiology important

Help provide techniques to improve function

Examples

• how we know lifting weights increases muscle mass

• how we develop medicines and procedures for repair or improvement

Observation Skills

deducing the function of a specific structure through structure = function

Examples:

Bones of the skull are thick and sturdy → function as protection of the brain

Thin membranes in the lungs → allow O2 to enter the blood and CO2 to leave

The lumen of the small intestine has many small folds → provide a significant amount of surface area allowing the body to absorb as much nutrients and water from food as it can to be delivered to the bloodstream

The skin of the palms and soles are thick → protects hands from injury and constant friction from daily use

Hierarchical Organization

relatively simple structures untie to form more complex structures

Examples:

Chemicals such as atoms forming molecules such as nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates.

Molecules form cells (200+ types)

Cells form tissues - epithelium, connective, muscle, nervous

Tissues form organs - stomach

Organ form the organ system - digestive system

Organ systems form an organism as a whole - human

Fucntions of Integumentary system

• protection

• regulation of body temperature

• waste elimination

• Production of vitamin D

• sensations and insulation

Components of integumentary system

• hair

• skin

• fingernails

• toenails

• sweat glands

• oil glands

Functions of integumentary system

• protects body

• helps regulate body temperature

• eliminates some wastes

• helps make vitamin D

• detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold

• stores fat and provides insulation

Skeletal System Components

• Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages

joint: any place in your body where two bones meet

cartilage: Cartilage is a strong, flexible connective tissue that protects your joints and bones. It acts as a shock absorber throughout your body.

Skeletal System functions

Supports and protects body

provides surface area for muscle attachments

aids body movements

houses cells that produce blood cells (from bone marrow)

stores minerals (such as Calcium) and lipids (fats) within the marrow cavity of long bones

They do not move the body but muscles attach which do move the body

Note: some bones are more supportive, some are more protective. Examples?

supportive: femur

protective: skull

Muscular system components

Components: skeletal muscle tissue - muscle attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac)

smooth: forms blood vessels and lines hollow organs like stomach and intestines

cardiac muscle: comprises the heart

skeletal: attached to bones and contracts to move the body

Skeletal system functions

Participates in body movements such as walking

maintains posture

produces heat

nervous system components

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as eyes are ears

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves: serve as highways for sensory information and outgoing motor responses

Example of motor response is the skeletal muscle contraction to remove your hand from a painful stimulus

Secretion of saliva by salivary glands when anticipating eating

Functions of the nervous system

generates action potentials (nerve impulses to regulate body activities)

detects changes in body internal and external environments

interprets change

responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular excretions

Muscle actions

specific type of movement the muscle can perform

Muscle innervation

specific nerves that excite the muscle to contract

information needed for the 100 muscles

Name

origin

insertion

action

innervation

Endocrine system components

Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes)

Hormone-producing cells in several other organs

Functions of endocrine system

regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ)

Epinephrine or adrenaline

hormone secreted by the adrenal glands during the emergency fight-or-flight response

Pancreas

organ that performs double duty functioning as both an endocrine organ and a digestive organ

Ovaries and testes

structures that secrete hormones as part of the endocrine system while also producing eggs or sperm as part of the reproductive system

Cardiovascular system components

blood, heart, and blood vessels

Function of the cardiovascular system

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels to the tissues of the body

blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and CO2 and wastes away from cells

blood helps maintain body temperature, fluid content, and acid-base balance while also helping defend against and repair damaged tissues

blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels

Components of the lymphatic system

lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils, and cells that carry out immune responses such as B cells, T cells, and others

• often colored light green in anatomy models and pictures

Functions of the lymphatic system

• returns proteins and fluid to blood

• carries lipids form GI tract to blood

• contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes

Components of the respiratory system

Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs

Functions of the respiratory system

transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air

helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids

air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds

What is the difference between a pharynx and a larynx

Pharynx: muscular tube that starts behind the nose and mouth and goes down to the esophagus. It has three sections (nose, oro and laryngo pharynx)

Larynx: hollow structure made of cartilage and muscle located just below the pharynx and right above the trachea. Contains vocal cords and epiglottis

Larynx

voice box

Trachea

windpipe that carries air toward the bronchi

bronchi

airways that carry gases into and out of the lungs

olfaction

the sense of smell

Digestive system components

• system consisting of a tube called the alimentary canal plus accessory organs (begins at mouth and ends at anus)

organs of gastrointestinal tract, a lung tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus

also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas

Digestive system functions

achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food

absorbs nutrients

eliminates solid wastes

organs that contribute juices and enzymes to help process foods as it moves through the alimentary canal

Urinary system components

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

ureters → tubes that carry out urine from each kidney to bladder

urinary system functions

produces, stores, and eliminates urine

eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood

helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids

maintains body mineral balance

helps regulate production of reed blood cells

the urinary system works with the cardiovascular system and respiratory system to maintain acid-base balance in body fluids

reproductive system components

gonads (testes and ovaries) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands; or epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesciles, prostate and penis in males)

reproductive system functions

• gonads produce gametes (sperm and oocytes) that unite to form a new organism

• gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes

• associates organs transport and store gametes

• mammary glands produce milk

egg fertilization can occur in the tubes, while implantation in the uterus makes someone pregnant

epididymis

structure where sperm are stored after being produced in testes

prostate gland and seminal vesicles

glands that secrete fluid and nutrients into the vas deferens to provide resources for sperm during their journey out the penis

holy trinity of anatomy

what does it look like? → structure

what does it do? → function

where can I find it? → location

Why is location important in anatomy

Anatomical structures have characteristic locations

Like, how the humerus is in the upper arm and the tibia is in the lower leg.

anatomical position

a standardized method of observing or imagining the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.

• provides common frame of reference for describing the location of structures

Do thumbs become medial when the palms are rotated backwards

no it is still lateral to the rest of the body

Why do those studying anatomy use anatomical position in related to bones and muscles

The change in body position changes how bones move and how muscle wraps around the bones. A consistent position makes learning the relationships between bones and muscles easier

If you stand on your head is your mouth superior to your eyes

body orientation does not matter, the eyes are still anatomically above

body region

large area of the body indicated by diagrams by capitalized region names

for example, the cephalic region in the image

body marking

smaller, specific point or area on the body’s surface

for example, the parts that make up the cephalic region

Importance of body regions and markings

form part of the language of anatomy, medicine, and science

allows precise communication of medical professionals

names of surface markings often indicate which bones or muscles lie underneath

midsagittal plane

there is only one section because only one plane divides the body into equal left and right halves

parasagittal

unequal left and right portions. infinite ways to be unequal

frontal/coronal section

divides body front-to-back separating the anterior portion from the posterior portion

coronal (crown) think of it like a headband

transverse

divides body into top and bottom portions like a donut blow-up

oblique section

a section made at an angle that is not straight up -and-down or straight side-to-side

Why are planes important in anatomy or when studying organs

an organ can look different depending on how it is sectioned, like the brain for example depending on where it is cut

Gross anatomy in helping with identifying a section

being familiar with gross anatomy helps us recognize which type of section is being shown in an image or medical scan

medial

toward the middle of the body

lateral

toward the side of the body

ex) ears are lateral to the nose

superior

above another structure

inferior

below another structure

proximal

close to the point of attachment or origin of a limb

distal

farther away from the point of attachment or origin of a limb

proximal and distal is used where?

use specifically for upper and lower limbs

ex) elbow, shoulder and wrist

the elbow is distal to the shoulder but proximal to the wrist

Why are proximal and distal considered relative terms

its because they describe the relationship between one body part and another rather assigning an absolute location

superficial

closer to the surface of the body

deep

farther toward the inside of the body

lpsilateral/lateral

on the same side of the body

ex) right hand and right foot are on the same side

contralateral

on opposites sides of the body

ex) right food, left hand

unilateral

only on one side fo the body

ex) a burn unilaterally (affects only one side of the body)

supine

face up

proe

lying down

Anterior

toward the front of the human body

posterior

toward the back of the human body

ventral

in humans, corresponds to the front surface

dorsal

corresponds to back surface

Is ant&ventral and post&dorsal interchangable for all animals?

no because humans for example walk on two legs so the front and back side will look different than for example a four-limbed walking animal

stomach relative to heart

inferior

brain relative to forehead

posterior

eyes relative to mouth

superior

heart relative to lungs

medial

wrist relative to elbow

distal

thumb relative to hand

lateral side of hand

ears relative to nose

lateral and external

body cavities

internal spaces that contain and protect organs. they can be thought of like Russian nesting dolls where larger cavities contain smaller cavities containing specific organs