Psychology Chapter 3

Nicotine signals the release of several neurotransmitters. Which of these will temporarily calm anxiety and reduce sensitivity to pain?

dopamine and opiods

The American Psychiatric Association categorizes substance use disorder as mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the number of indicators experienced. The 11 indicators fall under 4 categories: diminished control, diminished ______, hazardous use, and drug action.

social functioning

Hikari, a ballet dancer, has been focusing on strengthening leg muscles and improving the muscle memory that helps Hikari remember the routines. The sleep stage associated with these goals is _______ sleep.

slow-wave

In the dual-processing system of vision, the visual ______ track guides our moment-to-moment movement

action

Multiple research studies have found genes associated with particular sleep patterns. Sleep patterns also change across place and time. These facts BEST illustrate that sleep patterns are affected by both

heredity and environment

The American Psychiatric Association categorizes substance use disorder as mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the number of indicators experienced. The 11 indicators fall under 4 categories: diminished control, diminished _______, hazardous use, and drug action.

social functioning

In rats, at a developmental period corresponding to human adolescence, binge drinking

impairs the growth of synaptic connections

For a smoker experiencing nicotine withdrawal, a single inhale relieves the aversive state of craving by _______ neurotransmitter activity

sitmulating

Conscious experience arises from

coordinated activity across the brain

It’s late at night and Anisa is ready to go to sleep. She’s still awake, but her eyes are closed and she’s very relaxed. An EEG is MOST likely to indicate the presence of

alpha waves

Sandesh, who has been asleep for several hours, suddenly gets out of bed, goes to the kitchen, and opens the refrigerator. His roommate, who is still awake, guides Sandesh back to bed. The next morning, Sandesh remembers nothing of the incident. Sandesh is exhibiting

sleepwalking

Human body temperatures typically rise with the approach of ________ and fall with the approach of ________

morning, night

Koa was in an accident that left them unable to recognize and discriminate objects visually. Even so, they were able to perform certain tasks that usually require sight, such as picking up small objects. This is referred to as

blindsight

Harmful side effects such as agitation and hallucinations can result from use of synthetic cannabinoids, which are also known as

K2 or Spice

Short-term sleep deprivation

slows reaction and increases errors on visuals attention tasks

Cannabidiol, or CBD, is derived from the ______ parts of the Cannabis sativa plant

nonpsychoactive

Brain shrinkage and premature death are possible effects of

alcohol use disorder

Sleep deprivation _______ the production of body fat by _______ levels of the stress hormone cortisol

stimulates, increasing

Shaheen is sleeping and will pass through a multistage sleep cycle several times tonight. As the night progresses, we can expect that Shaheen will spend less time in

deep sleep

Recurring symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal are an indication of

substance use disorder

Cognition is the psychological term for

mental processes

Which of these is NOT associated with stimulant use

depressed nervous system activity

Aizere is a morning person, and Sherilyn is a “night owl.” As compared with Sherilyn, Aizere is more likely to perform ______ in school and is ______ vulnerable to depression

better, less

An altered state of consciousness similar to that of a near-death experience is most likely to result from the use of

LSD

_______ are defined as sensory experiences that occur without sensory stimulation

Hallucination

Drug abuse may be related to biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences. Feeling that life is meaningless and directionless would be an example of a ______ influence

psychological

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating).

Those working in the interdisciplinary field called _____ _____ study the brain activity associated with the mental processes of thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

cognitive neuroscience

selective attention

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness

dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

blindsight

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

parallel processing

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

sequential processing

processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems

What are the mind’s two tracks, and what is dual processing?

Our mind simultaneously processes information on a conscious track and an unconscious track, and through this dual processing we organize and interpret information.

sleep

a periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

circadian rhythm

our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

REM sleep

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body and brain systems are active. (Sometimes called R sleep.)

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

hallucinations

sensory experiences without sensory stimulation, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness.

The _______ nucleus helps monitor the brain’s release of melatonin, which affects our ______ rhythm.

suprachiasmatic; circadian

What are five proposed reasons for our need for sleep?

Sleep protects.

Sleep helps us recuperate.

Sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day’s experiences.

Sleep feeds creative thinking.

Sleep supports growth.

insomnia

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The person may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

REM sleep behavior disorder

a sleep disorder characterized by acting out dreams while sleeping, through physical movements (such as kicking or striking out) and vocal behaviors (such as talking or yelling)

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during N3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

dream

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.

manifest content

according to Freud, the symbolic, remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

Inattentional blindness is a product of our ________ attention.

selective

Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as the _______ ________

circadian rhythm

During the N1 sleep stage, a person is most likely to experience

hallucinations

The brain emits large, slow delta waves during ________ sleep.

N3

As the night progresses, what happens to the REM stage of sleep?

It increases in duration

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that have been proposed to explain why we need sleep?

Sleep rests the eyes

What is the difference between narcolepsy and sleep apnea?

With narcolepsy, the person periodically falls directly into REM sleep, with no warning; with sleep apnea, the person repeatedly awakens during the night.

In interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in their

latent content, or hidden meaning

How has activation-synthesis theory been used to explain why we dream?

The activation-synthesis theory suggests that dreams are the brain’s attempt to synthesize random neural activity.

“For what one has dwelt on by day, these things are seen in visions of the night”

The information-processing explanation of dreaming proposes that brain activity during REM sleep enables us to sift through the daily events and activities we have been thinking about (what one has dwelt on by day).

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation is referred to as _________ _________ .

REM rebound.

psychoactive drug

a natural or synthetic chemical substance that alters the brain, causing changes in perceptions, thoughts, moods, and behaviors

substance use disorder

a disorder characterized by continued substance use despite significant life disruption

tolerance

the diminishing effect of the same dose of a drug with regular use, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

addiction

an everyday term for compulsive substance use (and sometimes for associated dysfunctional behavior patterns, such as out-of-control gambling) that continues despite harmful consequences

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug

depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines) that reduce brain activity and slow body functions

alcohol use disorder

(commonly known as alcoholism) alcohol use marked by a combination of symptoms that may include tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue despite problematic use

barbiturates

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

stimulants

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine, amphetamines, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

amphetamines

drugs (such as methamphetamine) that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco products

cocaine

a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporary alertness and euphoria

methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, reduces baseline dopamine levels

hallucinogens

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

LSD

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid.

Ecstasy (MDMA)

a synthetic stimulant and hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term changes to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

opioids

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

cannabis

a product of the plant Cannabis sativa, which has both psychoactive (THC-containing) and nonpsychoactive (CBD-containing) parts

THC

the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis

Alcohol and barbiturates are in a class of drugs called

depressants

After continued use of a psychoactive drug, the drug user needs to take larger doses to get the desired effect. This is referred to as

tolerance

The depressants include alcohol and

barbiturates

Why might alcohol make a person more helpful or more aggressive?

Alcohol is a disinhibitor—it makes us more likely to do what we would have done when sober, whether that is being helpful or being aggressive.

Long-term use of Ecstasy can

damage serotonin-producing neurons

Near-death experiences are strikingly similar to the experiences evoked by ________ drugs.

hallucinogenic.

Use of cannabis

impairs motor coordination, perception, reaction time, and memory

An important psychological contributor to drug use is

the feeling that life is meaningless and directionless