GD1

Pierre Fauchard

Father of modern dentistry (physician)

-invented the "dental drill" to fill teeth

-1st to claim that sugar/plaque is responsible for decay

Greene Vardiman Black (G.V. Black)

-Father of operative dentistry

-created the first amalgam formula

In 2030

-older patients (baby boomers)

-emphasis on appearance + "smile"

-aimed to improve quality of life

-use of tech + AI

Importance of Dental Work

aside from oral health

*necessary for nutrition + phonetics (speaking/pronunciation)

Caries

cavities/ tooth decay

**infectious bacterial disease that dissolves + destroys calcified tissue

malocclusions

abnormalities in the bite (bad bite)

-orthodontic treatment

periodontist

a "gum" specialist

endodontist

operating within the tooth (root canal specialist)

Prosthodontist

prosthetic ( artificial appliances to restore + maintain oral function)

-dentures

Dental radiologists

interprets X-rays, CAT scans, cone-beam CT

Operative Dentistry

describe restorations (restoring back to function + aesthetic)

Mouth

Oral Cavity

Teeth

Dentitions

Maxilla

upper jaw/teeth

Mandible

lower jaw/teeth

Periodontium

soft/hard tissue around the teeth

Alveolus

bony socket in which the tooth fits

Oral mucosa

internal lining tissues (cheeks, floor of mouth, etc)

TMJ

temporomandibular joint

-connects jawbone to skull (ball-socket joint)

Baby Teeth

20 primary (deciduous) teeth

-numbers A and T

4 Classes of Teeth

incisors, canines, premolars, molars

Incisors

front teeth

(also known as eye-teeth)

Adult Teeth

32 permanent teeth

-number 1-32

*28 teeth after wisdom teeth removal

Canines

Corner teeth

(also known as cuspids)

Premolars

The teeth immediately behind the canines; used in chewing/ grinding food (bicuspid teeth)

Molars

Back teeth (3 total)

**no baby predecessors

gingiva

gum tissue

Tooth Numbering

Start from the upper right with #1 and count to the left, drop down to the left side to the lower teeth and continue counting (with 17) until you get to the lower right corner. (32)

If a pt does not have wisdom teeth, start with #2, etc (In this case #1 is missing etc) 1,16,32,17-all wisdom teeth.

crown

Visible part of the tooth (covered in enamel)

*Coronal direction if going upwards

Tooth Root

the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jaw and serves as support

radicular

CEJ

Cemento-enamel junction, where enamel meets cementum.

Root Apex

Apical direction

Furcation

dividing point of a multi-rooted tooth

Cusps

High point on the chewing surface of posterior premolars and molars (posterior only)

Fossa

low points of tooth

Height of Contour

widest part of tooth

Contact Point

The exact spot at which the teeth actually touch each other.

Coalesced Groove

the normal depression where enamel development joined successfully (found in all posterior teeth)

-teld to collect plaque --> tooth caries

Non-Coalesced Pits/Fissures

Deeper defect caused by incomplete coalescence of enamel --> form pits

**big problems for caries (food is unremoval)

Typodont

artificial model of teeth used for teaching

Ivorine

material of fake teeth

Lingual

pertaining to the tongue

Buccal

the side facing the cheek (used for posterior teeth)

labial

towards lip/face (for front teeth)

mesial

towards midline/center of mouth

occlusal

the chewing surface of posterior teeth (ex. cusps, grooves, pits/fissures)

Incisal

the cutting edge of anterior teeth, especially incisors and canines.

Gingival

towards the gums

Embrasures

"space" (the V-shaped spaces around the contact area between two neighboring teeth)

**usually 4 V-shapes

Radiopaque

Metallic (mineralized will appear white on x-rays )

ex. silver filings

Radiolucent

black color

ex. pulp

X-ray

Radiograph

**gingiva soft tissue not visible on radiograph

MIP

maximum inter-cuspal position

*the lower + upper jaw meet at comfortable position

Mastication

chewing

Excursive movements

movements of the mandible away from its normal biting position (ex. left-right-forward)

TMJ Condyle

the rounded end of the mandible that forms the lower part of the joint

TMJ Fossa

he shallow depression in the temporal bone where the condyle sits

Enamel

-translucent (influence by the dentin color before )

-about 2mm thick

-protects against wear/tear

-hard + strong

Tetracycline

-can cause severe discoloration if taken when tooth is still developing

-affects dentin

-horizontal band

Properties of Enamel

Hardness tissue in body (resistant)

-fracture resistance

-slightly permaeble

-acellular (good thermal/electrical insulator)

-no ability to respond (like glass)

Attrition

teeth-teeth wear

Elasticity of Enamel

Very stiff/rigid

(opposite of dentin) - supported by resilient dentin (unsupported becomes very weak/cracks)

Enamel Surface

constantly demineralizing (acidic) + remineralizing (basic)

pH

pH> 5.5 --> alkaline solution

Enamel's Life

-finished forming before it erupts into moutb

-starts thick, hard, and tough

*tooth decay + acids can dissolve it

**can not grow back

Cavitation

Forms a hole

Dentin

Most of tooth is dentin!

-resilient support for enamel + restorations

-sensitive + conductive (pulp has lots of sensory nerves)

-very porous

-very dynamic (it responds)

Pulp

has blood supply

-connect back to the nerves/brain

DEJ

Dentino-enamel joint

*when decay reaches dentin --> it spreads much faster (dentin is very permeable)

Class I restoration

on the surface of tooth (caries on pits/fissures)

Class II restoration

caries on the mesial/distal surfaces of tooth

Prophylaxis

professional dental cleaning done to prevent oral disease

Class III

Decay on the proximal surface of an anterior tooth without involving the incisal edge

Class IV

Decay on the proximal surface of an anterior tooth that involves the incisal edge

Primary caries

Brand new cavity

Secondary caries

caries around existing dental work

Saliva's role

-supports "normal" oral flora

-flushing effect (1-1.5 L/day)

-antibacterial enzymes

-remineralization

Diastema

Naturally occurring space between teeth

Aciduric bacteria

"acid loving" --> can continue to survive in acidic pH

Plaque

biofilm / population

Commonly Known Bacteria

1. Mutans strep

2. Lactobacilli

Sugar Substitute

Xylitol

Starches

ex. potato chips

-breaks down right away into carbohydrates by amlyase in saliva

**actually better to eat sugar all at once and not nibble at it all day

Vasoconstrictors

Most anesthetic contains this (epinephrine)

-blood vessel constricts

*DO NOT give cardiovascular pt this

Topical anesthetic

-will not work on skin BUT mucosa

-helps numb the area before injection

Injecting Into Vein

Anesthetic will not work, instead goes to heart

-with epinephrine --> rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)

-toxicity risk

**should aspirate to verify before injecting

Infiltration Injections

injecting into the apex of the target tooth (maxillary teeth)

** maxillary root is very porous --> reach to cranial nerve

Block Injections

-works better for mandible teeth (lower jaw is denser)

-inject near nerve trunk (all nerves from bottom teeth leaves to the brain through hole) --> larger quadrant is anesthetized