225 please let me pass this exam pt 1

Neoplasia

Abnormal mass of tissue

Incisional Biopsy

Removal of small portion of tumor

Excisional Biopsy

Most important type of biopsy which allows to assess the extent of spread

Staging

Defined as the extent of disease valuated by a variety of noninvasive and invasive diagnostic tests and procedures

Clinical Staging

Based on physical examination, radiographs, isotopic scans, CT scans, and other imaging procedures

Pathologic Staging

Takes into account information obtained during a surgical procedure

Pathologic Staging

Includes histologic examination of all tissues removed during the surgical procedure

Localized

Exhibiting spread outside of the organ of origin to regional but not distant sites

Metastatic

Spread outside of the organ of origin to distant sites

Pierre Denoix

Developed TNM Staging

1940

Year Pierre Denoix developed TNM staging

International Union Against Cancer and American Joint Committee on Cancer

Adopted the TNM system in the 1950s

1990s

Importance of TNM staging was heightened by the mandatory requirement that Commission on Cancer-approved hospitals use the UICC or AJCC TNM system as the major language for cancer reporting

Tx

Primary tumor cannot be assessed

T0

No evidence of primary tumor

Tis

Carcinoma in situ

Nx

Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed

N0

No regional lymph nodes metastasis

Mx

Distant metastasis cannot be assessed

M0

No distant metastasis

M1

Distant metastasis

Retreatment Classification

Assigned when further treatment (such as chemotherapy) is planned for a cancer that recurs after a disease-free interval

rTNM

Means recurrent tumor

Autopsy Classification

Occurs when classification of a cancer by postmortem examination is done after the death of a patient (cancer was not evident prior to death)

Stage 0

This stage is of a tumor of microscopic size (carcinoma in situ)

Stage I

Stage for the tumor confined to the organ of origin (cancers are localized to one part of the body)

Stage II

Stage for local spread, not interfering with surgical removal

Stage III

Stage for fixation to the surrounding structures

Stage IV

Stage for distant metastasis

Stage Grouping

The various permutations of T, N, and M scores (sometimes including tumor histologic grade G) are then broken into stages, usually designated by the roman numerals I through IV

Stage A

Invasion of submucosa, five year survival rate of 53.7%

53.7%

Five-year survival rate percentage for stage A

Stage BI

Superficial half of the muscle, 52.6%

52.6%

Survival rate of stage BI

Stage B2

Deep half of muscle, 28.6%

28.6%

% survival rate of stage B2

Stage C

Perivesical tissues, 17.9%

17.9%

% survival rate of stage C

Stage A

Tumor restricted to the wall of the bowel, with a five-year survival rate of 90%

Stage B

With invasion through the wall into the peritoneum or perirectal fat, 65% survival rate

Stage C

Regional lymph node metastases, 20% survival rate