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Describe Christ and the disciples on the road to Emmaus
-Christ has distinctive attribute to medieval pilgrim(hat, satchel, walking stick)
-Scallop shell on satchel worn by pilgrim to a specific site
-Shells became like passport, badge attesting and accomplishment
The relief was on important monastery of important center of religious life of pilgrimage road, the Santa Domingo in Silos
-Romanesque period saw narrative and iconic imagery around entrances of churches , focusing on portal complexes
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Romanesque Europe and its Political, Economical and social life
Normandy became one of Europe’s most powerful domains
end of 12th cent Capetians of France and Plantagenets in England were successful
Agriculture led to population growth, Land was a source of wealth and power for a hereditary aristocracy
Politic and social dependencies varied from place to place
all individuals vulnerable to warfare
Romanesque Europe and Church
two cultural forces fostered by churches: Pilgrimages and crusades
Monasticism:provided valuable social services. Major landholders so abbot and prior part of political power structure.
Pilgrimages: Pilgrims along the route could venerate to local saints along the route
Crusades(latin crux, western church lunched holy wars against islamic in 1095):1192 truce with muslims
Romanesque Architecture
“romanesque “ means “ in the roman manner” describing early medival European churches, often with masonry wall and rounded arches and vaults
period of great construction across Europe
Christendom ppl rivaled with eachother for finest building, glorifying house of the lord increased
extensive stone masonry, they were more durable and enhanced acoustics,
towers marked most important building in community, portals with structures of messages of church to broadcast to public
SAINT-MARTIN-DU-CANIGOU
French Pyrenees. 1001-1026.
stone tower next to it
-known as “first romanesque”
INTERIOR, CHURCH OF SANT VINCENC, CARDONA
1020s-1030s.
interior has transverse arches(interior of strip butresses project from the piers and continue up and over the vault)
more band lines under the arches of the nave arcade working for. series of bays.
System of bat division became standard in romanesque architecture
Pilgrimage church
describe the Pilgrims’s journey to Santiago
Europe in 11th and 12th cent saw popularity of religious pilgrimage,
roads led to holiest site like tomb of st.perter, church of the holy Sepulcher (jerusalem), cathedral of St.James (santiago de compostela),
journey could last over a year, had to deal with bad food poison water , bandits
20th cent priest Aymery Picaud wrote guidebook for journey to Santiago. Included advice on food water and words in Basque language . Had 4 routes to santigo than merged into one in spain at puente la Reina then to Leon Compostela. Spaced establish offered food.
Picaud described best traveled routes and most important shrines
TRANSEPT INTERIOR, CATHEDRAL OF ST. JAMES, SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
1078-1122. View toward the crossing.
held body of st james,
distinctive plan to accomodate the crowds of pilgrims and allow them to move easily
“pilgrimage plan” is a model of traffic control and functional planning
to the Aisled nave was added aisled transept with eastern chapels leading to ambulatory, allowing to circulate without disrupting the services within the main space
entered through transept mirroring nave in height and structure, both 2 stories,
3 vaults used: barrel vaults with transverse arches cover the nave; groin vaults span the side aisles; half barrel /quadrant vaults cover the galleries and strengthen the building
has an octagonal lantern tower ( a structure built above the height of the main ceiling with windows that illuminate the space below)
admired for construction “not single crack”
ste james allowed protection , open day and night
Relics and Reliquaries
RELIQUARY STATUE OF SAINTE FOY (ST. FAITH)
Abbey church, Conques, France. Late 9th or 10th century with later additions.
Silver gilt over a wood core, with gems and cameos of various dates.
reliquaries are bodies or parts of bodies and things associated with the holy family/saints that are kept in decorated containers
owning relics showed wealth
saint foy relics made from unused roman work, later adding crown. This type was popular in the region but some ppl found in uncomfortable with the cult images.
Bernard didn’t like the idea of it then saw it and changed his mind and apologized.
Cluny
Duke of Burgandy gave land to benedictine monks and cluny would establish. cluny had independent status , abbot answered to pope rather than local bishop.
Wealthy monasteries like cluny had arcaded galleries of the cloister carved reif capitals and piers.
monks observed 8 benedictine hours of the divine,
The design of the cluny was for the elegant and extravagant setting for the performances of liturgy.
element from roman art seen in burgundy churched, other churches elswhere were more traditional.
the 3rd church at cluny: original church was rebuilt, third time being rebuilt in 1088, in 1130 was the largest church in Europe. A basilica with 5 aisles double transepts with chapels, high altar within main choir.Lots of chapels for each monk. no longer exist because of the french revolution.
The Cistercians
PLAN (A) AND CHURCH INTERIOR (B) OF THE ABBEY OF NOTRE-DAME, FONTENAY
Burgundy, France. 1139-1147.
1098 founded the abbey citeaux. Strict mental and physical discipline , life devoted to prayer. Depended on the work of laypeople.Secluded to swamps and forest.
architecture embodies the ideal of order; simplicity, austerity, purity.
Abbey of Notre damn has regular geometric plan with long divided nave
pointed barrel vaults over the nave and pointes arches in the nave arcade and side aisle bays. Pointes arches are more stable than round ones
Figural scenes avoided, large window rather than clerestory
barely varried from region, influences gothic style.
St, Bernard and Theophilus” the Monastic controversy over the visual arts
12th cent had controversy over lavsh art in monestaries
theophiuls is the pseudonym used by a monk who wrote a book on artistic craft, as a defense of the place of the visual arts within the monastic traditions of work and prayer.
Bernard wrote what was the need for lavish and extravagant detail in the monastery and Theophilus that god delights in embellishments.
abbot suger of saint denis shared position of Theophilus and reconstruction of the abbey gave birth to the gothic style.
ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE: The Romanesque Church Portal
Tympanum-where the most important romanesque imagery on a portal is situated on the semicircle over the door(often hierarchical scale images)
Archivolt- curved moldings composed of the wedge-shaped stone voussoir of the arch
Jambs-On both sides of the door(vertical element)
Trumeau- central pier supporting the lintel and archivolts
Describe a baldacchino
A canopy suspended over a sacred space, also called a ciborium
seem at san clemente
Give an example of secular architecture
Dover Castle, England
Military power and strong hold on moats, for security
a bold manifestation of military poer
the great towers(known as keep)
what is hieratic
means - highly stylized
seen at the church of Saint Lazare at Autun
what are historiated capitals
creation of lively narratives scenes within the geometric confines of capitals
seen at the cathedral of saint-lazare
Sculptures in wood and bronze
wooden:Majestat Batlló is an example of a wooden crucifix
wooden:virgin and the child is an example of wooden also known as “the throne of wisdom” which mean the virgin is sitting-cult objects
bronzeL: king rudolf of swabia
bronze: Baptismal font from Renier
MESSENGERS SIGNAL THE APPEARANCE OF HALLEY'S COMET,
THE BAYEUX EMBROIDERY
Norman-Anglo-Saxon, perhaps from Canterbury, Kent, England. c. 1066-1082.
Linen with wool embroidery,
-the bayeux embroidery recounts the history of the Norman Conquest of England. It has Strip of embroided linen to tell a tale through images. Work represents secular art of what would be part of the most royal courts. Backdrop for banquets , would be rolled to transport. Displaced around the walls of the bayeux cathedral on the feast of the relics. 50 surviving scenes.
Clear Norman bias in telling the story; so propably drawn by a Norman designer tells Williams conquest with the intensity of an eye-witness account. The style suggest Angle-Saxons did the needlework.
Depiction: Anglo-Saxon Harold swears his allegiance to William but later betrays his vow and accepting the crown of England for himself. Harold begins as a heroic figure but then events overtake him.After his coronation, crown celebrates until hayley comet comes.
Anglo-Saxons sees this as a disaster , cringe and point at the ball of fire, man rushes to inform the new king. Harold slumps in throne in the palace of west minister. He forsees what is to come; below his feet is his vision of a ghostly fleet of Norman shps already riding the waves. Duke William has assembled the last great Viking flotilla on the Normandy coast. Unworthy Harold dies in the hands of William and the normans.
it is an embroidery and talks about the good man Harold is over come by his lust for power and betrays his lord William.
Hildegard of Bingen THE UNIVERSE
Vision 3 of the Liber Scivias of Hildegard of Bingen.
Original, 1150-1175.
Hildegard of Bingen began serving as leader of her convent in 1136 and 1147 founded a new convent near Bingen.
she wrote important treatises on medicine and natural science, invented an alternate alphabet, and was one of the most gifted and innovative composers of her age, writing motets and liturgical settings, and wrote musical drams perhaps being the first opera.
Following a command from god in 1141, she recorded mystical visions she had experiencing since she was just 5 years old. The resulting book Scivias(knows the way of the light), is filled with words and images of the visions.
opening page
showing her halving a flash of divine insight while her scribe writes her dictation. Maybe sketching the imagery on her lap.
