24b. large animal vaccination programs

what are recommended handling methods for transporting vaccines?

• transport

  • use a dedicated insulated cooler

  • avoid ambient temperature extremes

  • use temperature logger

  • keep at 35-45°F

  • avoid sunlight/UV

  • only transport what you need for the day

• use within an hour of reconstitution or removal from cooler

why are disinfectants not recommended for cleaning automatic syringes? how should they be cleaned?

• disinfectants can leave residues in syringe

• clean with detergent, then rinse well with sterile water

why shouldn’t you use the same syringe to give killed and MLV vaccines?

chemicals used in killed vaccines can interfere with MLV

what is the injection site for large animal vaccination?

neck triangle for most SQ and IM

what are the withdrawal times for water-based and oil-based vaccines?

• water-based = 20 days

• oil-based = 60 days

what are potential adverse reactions? how can you prepare for vaccine reactions?

• anorexia, abortion, failure to immunize, endotoxemia, anaphylaxis

• plan to observe ~30 mins after dosing

• have epinephrine + supplies on hand, along with plan for producer to recognize and respond to anaphylaxis

how does anaphylaxis present in cattle? (+ what are bovine shock organs?)

• shock organ = lungs

• signs: hives, tachypnea, dyspnea, collapse, death

how does anaphylaxis present in horses? (+ what are equine shock organs?)

• shock organs = lungs, intestine

• signs:

  • tachypnea, coughing, dyspnea, or respiratory distress

  • sweating, colic, diarrhea

  • collapse, death

what are the primary and secondary goals of vaccination?

• primary goals

  • maternal antibody to neonate

  • avoid stock losses

• secondary goals

  • decrease pathogen load on farm

  • increase production/decrease costs

  • maintain valuable blood lines

how are large animal core vaccines defined? what types of diseases do they protect against?

• have clearly demonstrated efficacy and safety → exhibit high enough patient benefit + low enough level of risk to justify use in all bovids/equids

• protect against diseases that are:

  • endei to a region

  • potential public health significance

  • required by law

  • virulent/highly infections and/or

  • pose risk of severe disease

what are the core bovine vaccines?

• infection bovine rhinotracheitis (BHV-1)

• bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)

• parainfluenza virus (PI-3)

• bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)

• clostridial vaccines

• coliform mastitis (in dairy cows)

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (BHV-1) disease presentations

• abortion, decreased conception

• respiratory — bovine respiratory disease complex

• latent infection, recrudescence

what types of vaccines are available for BHV-1?

• killed

• MLV

• core combo

• “fetal protective)

bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) disease presentations

• abortion

• bovine respiratory disease complex (immunosuppression)

• persistent infection in utero

• “mucosal disease”

what type of vaccines are available for BVDV?

• killed

• MLV

• core combo

• “fetal protective”

bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) disease presentation

respiratory signs in all ages, but most severe in calves

how have newer vaccines for BRSV been improved?

• newer vaccines are improved to favor T_H1 responses

• previously, immunopathogenic — vaccine can make disease worse (T_H2 response)

what type of disease does parainfluenza 3 (PI-3) cause?

• mild to moderate upper respiratory disease

• most commonly calves

• leads to secondary bacterial infections

what types of vaccines are available for parainfluenza 3?

• killed

• MLV

• combo only

what types of vaccines are available for clostridial disease? what is something to be careful of when using?

• killed bacterin/toxoid

  • wide variety of combinations

• anaphylaxis potential

• caution when in combination with gram-negative antigens

what is the basic core vaccination schedule for calves?

birth

• 1 gallon colostrum

• intranasal IBR/BRSV/PI3 → not blocked by maternal Ab

• oral bolus antibody for E. coli scours

weaning

• repeat intranasal IBR/BRSV/PI3

4 months (heifers)

• SQ MLV — IBR/BVDV/PI3/BRSV

• clostridia

5 months (heifers)

• SQ MLV — IBR/BVDV/PI3

• clostridia

what is the basic core vaccination schedule for pregnant cattle?

week 31-33 gestation

• killed combo (or MLV combo fetal protective)

• clostridia

• E. coli

week 35-37 gestation

• repeat all previous for 1st calf heifers

• E. coli only for adult cows

**colostrogenesis begins ~37 weeks

what are the core equine vaccines?

• tetanus

• easter/western equine encephalomyelitis (EEE/WEE)

• west nile virus (WNV)

• rabies

tetanus disease presentation

• clostridial toxemia

• muscle spasms, seizures, death

what type of vaccine is available for tetanus? what is the vaccination schedule?

• toxoid vaccine

• initial 3 dose series

  • foals begin around 4-6 months of age

• annual revaccination

EEE/WEE disease presentation

• lethargy, anorexia

• depression, ataxia

• seizures, paralysis, death

• EEE is more severe than WEE

• mosquito-borne

what type of vaccine is available for EEE/WEE? what is the vaccination schedule?

• killed vaccine

• 3 dose initial series

• annual vaccination

west nile virus disease presentation

• depression, anorexia

• lethargy, weakness

• ataxia, head tilt

• spread by mosquitoes

what type of vaccine is available for WNV? what is the vaccination schedule?

• killed vaccine

• 3 dose initial series

• annual revaccination

which of the mosquito-borne equine viruses are reportable? which are zoonotic?

• reportable: eastern equine encephalitis & west nile virus

• zoonotic: WEE/EEE/WNV

equine rabies disease presentation

• ataxia

• depression

• drooling, open mouth

• aggression — less common

what type of vaccine is available for equine rabies? what is the vaccination schedule?

• killed vaccine

• 2 dose initial

• annual revaccination

how is equine antibody testing utilized?

• good correlation with protection

  • rabies

  • tetanus

• protective threshold not well defined — testing not recommended

  • WNV

  • equine influenza

  • EHV

what disease can the strangles vaccination cause? what are clinical signs of the disease?

• pupura hemorrhagica

  • antigen/antibody complex disease

  • vasculitis, edema, petechial/ecchymotic hemorrahge

how is antibody testing used in strangles vaccination protocols?

• antibody test within 1 year of vaccination or infection

• do NOT vaccinate against strangles if antibody titer is >1:3200