Psych Unit 3 Phonemes to the end

Phonemes

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Morphemes

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

Semantics

the language's set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds.

Grammar

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Syntax

its set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

Cooing

early vowel-like sounds that babies produce

Babbling

the stage in speech development, beginning around 4 months, during which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds that are not all related to the household language.

One-Word Stage

the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Telegraph Speech

the early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram —"go car"— using mostly nouns and verbs.

Over-generalization of Language Rules

common phenomenon in language development where children apply grammatical rules too broadly, often leading to errors.

Ecological Systems Theory

a theory of the social environment's influence on human development, using five nested systems (microsystem; mesosystem; exosystem; macrosystem; chronosystem) ranging from direct to indirect influences.

Microsystem

the things that are in the child's immediate surroundings and connections. Family, friends, peers, schools, religious groups, and neighborhoods are all part of the microsystem.

Mesosystem

Provides connections across microsystems. Interaction between two microsystems

Exosystem

Social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influences development. Indirect but prominant influences like parents' jobs and the school system

Macrosystem

Consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources. Cultural influences like customs, beliefs, and government

Chronosystem

Historical changes that influence the other systems. Transitional influences over the lifespan, for example growing up during World War II or the civil rights movement

Authoritarian Parenting

A restrictive style that emphasizes respect for work and effort. This style of parenting allows for little discussion or explanation of the firm controls placed on the child.

Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style that is child-centered, in that parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance, as well as a firm adherence to schedules and discipline.

Permissive Parenting

A parenting style that is characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent.

Attachment Styles

to the patterns of emotional bonds and relationships that individuals form, particularly between infants and their caregivers, based on the quality and consistency of caregiving.

Secure Attachment

demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver's return.

Insecure Attachment

demonstrated by infants who display a clinging, anxious attachment; an avoidant attachment that resists closeness; or a disorganized attachment with no consistent behavior when separated from or reunited with caregivers.

Avoidant Attachment

Seen in babies who do not show preference for the caregiver when strangers are present, and do not exhibit distress when the caregiver leaves.

Anxious Attachment

demonstrated by babies who seem constantly afraid of potential separation from the caregiver; they cling to caregivers in strange settings and display intense distress upon separation

Disorganized Attachment

characterized by a lack of a clear or consistent pattern of behavior in response to a caregiver. This attachment style often emerges in situations where a child experiences fear or confusion due to caregiving that is simultaneously a source of comfort and distress.

Temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

Separation Anxiety

A state of extreme emotional agitation, fear, and distress, that some people, especially children, experience when separated from a loved one.

Parallel Play

refers to a stage of play in early childhood where children play adjacent to each other but do not directly interact or engage with one another.

Pretend Play

also known as imaginative or make-believe play, involves children using their imagination to create scenarios, roles, and activities.

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.

Imaginary Audience

adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern. a phenomenon where adolescents believe that others are constantly observing and judging them, as if they are always on stage.

Personal Fable

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm. Cognitive distortion in adolescents where they believe their experiences, thoughts, and feelings are unique and not understood by others.

Social Clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Emerging Adulthood

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many persons in prosperous Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults.

Stage Theory of Psychological Development

refers to theories that describe development as occurring in distinct stages, each characterized by specific challenges or tasks.

Trust and Mistrust

Can I trust the world? Dependent on others to meet physical needs and need for love

Autonomy and Shame and Doubt

Do I have some control over my life? If caregivers are overly controlling, critical, or dismissive of the child's attempts at independence, the child may develop feelings of shame or doubt their abilities, which can hinder self-confidence.

Initiative and Guilt

Am I capable of doing things for myself? Imagination developing, curious...asserting independence

Industry and Inferiority

4th stage in Erikson's model; children must master the skills valued by their society or feel inferior. Am I capable of doing things socially? Compare self with others in social and academic aspects

Identity and Role Confusion

Who am I and where is my place in this world? Going through the transition from child to adult...trying to discover who you are, what your strengths are and what kind of roles you are best suited to play.

Intimacy and Isolation

Can I love and be loved? Pondering entering into a close, loving relationship

Generativity and Stagnation

7th stage in Erikson's model; in middle age, adults must discover a sense of contributing to the world or they may feel a lack of purpose. Am I productive and giving something back to the world? Sense that making a difference through children, job, community involvement, etc.

Integrity and Despair

8th stage in Erikson's model; when reflecting at the end of life, an older adult must feel a sense of satisfaction or experience despair (feelings of having wasted one's life). Has it all been worth it? Review of life

Adverse Childhood Experiences

Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home.

Achievement (adolescent development)

In the context of identity development, this term refers to the successful integration of various aspects of self-concept, based on explorations of roles, values, and beliefs.

Diffusion (adolescent development)

A status of identity development where an individual has not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. They are undecided and uninterested in occupational and ideological choices.

Foreclosure (adolescent development)

A status of identity development where an individual has made a commitment without experiencing a crisis. This occurs when people commit to roles or values without exploring alternatives.

Moratorium

a period of active exploration and questioning in which an individual experiments with different roles, beliefs, and values without yet making a commitment to a specific identity.

Racial/Ethnic Identity

the sense of membership in a racial or ethnic group and the feelings that are associated with that membership. to an individual's sense of belonging to a particular racial or ethnic group and the significance they attach to that membership.

Sexual Orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction to individuals of a particular gender (or genders).

Religious Identity

refers to the aspect of a person's self-concept that is defined by their beliefs, values, and practices associated with a specific religion or spiritual tradition.

Occupational Identity

refers to the aspect of an individual's self-concept tied to their career or work roles. It reflects how people perceive themselves in relation to their job or profession and the significance it holds in their life.

Familial Identity

the sense of self as always connected to family and others. refers to the aspect of an individual's self-concept that is shaped by their role, relationships, and belonging within their family unit.

Possible Selves

images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future. refer to the concept of how individuals think about their potential and future selves.