Second semester first exam

__________________________ are the most common proteins in the blood.

albumis

If blood is allowed to clot before being separated in a centrifuge, the fluid at the top of the tube is called __________________________.

serum

The driving force for bulk flow is ___________________________________________.

pressure differences

The extracellular fluid of the blood is called ____________________ and makes up about ____% of the blood.

plasma, 55%

The goal of the cardiovascular system is to get blood to the __________________________ because that is where gas, nutrient and waste product exchange can occur.

capillaries

The resistance to blood flow is due to _______________________.

friction

If a blood sample contains 2.5 ml of red blood cells, 0.1 ml of white blood cells and 2.9 ml of extracellular fluid, what is the hematocrit?

2.5/(2.5+0.1+2.9)=.45x100=45%

What are the three components of the circulatory system?

1. blood

2. heart

3. blood vessels

What is another name for the circulatory system?

cardiovascular system

What is the deterministic equation for bulk flow?

bulk flow = change in pressure/resistance

By definition, veins carry

blood toward the heart

Most of the proteins in the blood are made by the

liver

Blood makes up about _____% of body wight in an average person.

8%

Put the following in order from most numerous to least numerous in the blood: (platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils)

1. erethrocytes

2. platelets

3. neutrophils

4. lymphocytes

5. monocytes

6. eosinophils

7. basophils

Males tend to have a higher hematocrit than females

true

Some arterioles and venules are visible without a microscope

false

The diameter of a capillary is about the same diameter of a single red blood cell

true

By definition, arteries carry

blood away from the heart

If one cardiomyocyte depolarizes, they all depolarize in normal physiology

true

The activation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to

depolarization

The inactivation gate of the voltage-gated sodium channel opens in response to

repolarization/hyperpolarization

F-type cation channels open in response to

repolarization/hyperpolarization

Inward-rectifying potassium channels open in response to

repolarization/hyperpolarization

L-type calcium channels open in response to

depolarization

Slow voltage-gated potassium channels open in response to

depolarization

During the repolarization phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to

potassium

During the upswing of the action potential the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to

sodium

The first part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of

F-type cation channels

The second part of the slow depolarization in a nodal cell is due to the opening of

T-type calcium channels

The upswing of the action potential in a nodal cell is due to the opening of

L-type calcium channels

Which organs determine the distribution of blood flow?

Arterioles

In which of the following organs can gas, nutrient, and waste product exchange occur? (select all that apply)

Capillaries and venules

What is the intrinsic heart rate?

100 beats/min

What region of the heart is normally the first area to depolarize?

the sinoatrial node (SA node)

What is the name of the region of the heart that electrically connects the atria to the ventricles?

the atrioventricular node (AV node)

What region of the heart is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

the SA node

What is the main function of the atria of the heart?

store blood returning from the veins during systole

What is the main function of the ventricles of the heart?

they generate the pressure that drives flow through the cardiovascular system

What is the purpose of the papillary muscles in the ventricles of the heart?

to prevent the atrioventricular valves from prolapsing

What is the deterministic equation for resistance to blood flow?

resistance to blood flow=(8(length of blood vessel)(viscosity of blood))/(pi(radius of blood vessel)^4)

List all of the types of ion channels in a cardiomyocyte that were mentioned in the lecture video.

1. slow gated K+ channels

2. L-type Ca++ channels

3. inward rectifying K+ channels

4. fast voltage-gated Na+ channels

List all of the types of ion channels in a nodal cell that were mentioned in the lecture video.

1. slow gated K+ channels

2. L-type Ca++ channels

3. inward rectifying K+ channels

4. T-type Ca++ channel

_________ have the most F-type cation channels?

sinoatrial nodal cells

Where does most of the gas, nutrient and waste product exchange occur?

capillaries

Electrical activity conducts the slowest through the

atrioventricular node

Put the following parts of the heart in order from the first to depolarize to the last to depolarize: the atrioventricular node, the majority of the ventricular cardiomyocytes, the Purkinje fibers, the bundle of His, the atrial myocytes, the sinoatrial node

1. sinoatrial node

2. the atrial cardiomyocytes

3. the atrioventricular node

4. the bundles of His

5. the purkinje fibers

6. the majority of the ventricular cardiomyocytes

We need a large pressure difference across an open valve to get blood flow

false

The action potential of atrial cardiomyocytes has a shorter plateau phase than that of ventricular cardiomyocytes

true

All the cardiomyocytes in the ventricles are linked by gap junctions

true

During the plateau phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to

calcium

Which has a greater influence on the flow of blood?

the radius of the blood vessel

The atrioventricular valves open when pressure is higher in the

atria

Blood flow through a section of an arteriole is

Slower near the wall of the blood vessel

A resting cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to

Potassium

Which part of the ventricular walls contract first?

near the apex

The semilunar valves are open when pressure is higher in the

ventricles

Calcium must enter through L-type calcium channels in the T-tubule of cardiomyocytes in order for ryanodine receptors to open.

true

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause__________________________ deflection on the ECG.

no

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause__________________________ deflection on the ECG.

no

What word means contraction in the heart?

systole

What word means relaxation in the heart?

diastole

What are the two phases of systole?

1. isovolumic reticular contraction

2. ventricular ejection

What are the two phases of diastole and what happens at the end of the second phase?

1. isovolumic reticular relaxation

2. ventricular filling (at the end is an atrial contraction (systole))

List the waves on an electrocardiogram and state what in the heart causes each wave.

P- atrial depolarizaton

QRS complex- ventricular depolarization

T- ventricular repolarization

Electrocardiograms measure ________ voltage.

extracellular

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause ________ deflection in the ECG.

a downward

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause _______ deflection on the ECG

an upward

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause _______ deflection

an upward

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in the ECG lead would cause ______ deflection on the ECG

a downward

Cardiomyocytes never experience tetanus

true

Cardiomyocytes use summation to generate greater tension

false

The cardiomyocyte action potential is about as long as systole

true

In response to a single action potential in a cardiomyocyte, enough calcium enters the sarcoplasm to saturate troponin

false

The venous return varies throughout the cardiac cycle.

false

The first heart sound marks the beginning of

systole

The second heart sound marks the beginning of

diastole

You can only hear blood flow when blood flow is

turbulent

When cardiac muscle contracts, the compliance of the atrium or the ventricle

decreases

When would you hear a stenosis in either atrioventricular valve?

between the second and the first heart sound

When would you hear a stenosis in either semilunar valve?

between the first and second heart sound

What is the deterministic equation for a change in pressure in an elastic structure?

ΔP=ΔV/Cl

change in pressure=change in volume/compliance

Pressures are lower in the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle than they are in the aorta and left ventricle.

true

The pressure changes on the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart are qualitatively similar.

true

The largest volume of blood is in the ventricle during

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

The smallest volume of blood is in the ventricle during

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

The ventricular walls are

Thicker on the left side of the heart

The first heart sound is caused by

the closing of the atrioventricular valves

The second heart sound is caused by

the closing of semilunar valves

The dicrotic notch is due to

the closing of semilunar valves

The volume of the blood in the left ventricle decreases

fastest in the first half of ventricular ejection

The volume of blood in the left ventricle increases

fastest in the first half of ventricular filling

At end-systole there should be no blood left in the ventricles

false

During exercise, the mean arterial pressure is diastolic pressure plus one third of the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.

false

Increasing contractility with no change in venous return can lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output

false

Increasing preload increase cardiac contractility.

false

Sympathetic activity causes the heart to contract

faster

Sympathetic activity causes the heart to relax

faster

The arterial diastolic pressure is reached during

systole

The arterial systolic pressure is reached during

systole

When would you hear an insufficiency in either atrioventricular valve?

between the first and second heart sound