3 -Foreign policy

4 aims of H7 foreign policy

1) maintain good relations with European powers (thus allowing him to consolidate his power at home)

2) To gain international recognition for the Tudor dynasty

3) To maintain national security

4) To defend English trading interests

What was H7 foreign policy subordinate to?

his domestic policy of enriching the monarchy and ensuring the obedience of his subjects

What was Henry's position with Brittany?

in debt to Brittany as the Duke of Francis of Brittany had protected him in his youth

What was Henry's position to France?

French support which had secured him the throne and he did not want France to support any other pretenders

When did France invade brittany?

1487

What were French attempting to do by invaliding brittany?

gain complete control of the channel coast and eliminate a potential ally of England

When did Henry make a truce with France?

1-year truce in 1485 that was extended to 1489

When did Duke of Francis of Brittany die?

1488

Why did the death of Francis of brittany promote further crisis?

his daughter (Duchess Anne) was still a child and feudal law entitled the french king (charles) to claim her as his ward

When was the Treaty of redon?

Feb 1489

What was the treaty of redon?

England agreed to support Breton independence and would send 6000 troops to help Brittany

Why did Henry invade brittany?

the marriage between anne and charles could not be prevented so he landed in calais and boulogne in oct 1492

When was the treaty of etaples?

Nov 1492

What did the treaty of etaples agree?

Charles agreed not to support pretenders + henry's army left France in return for 745,000 crowns

H7 foreign policy in France/brittany successes:

-early in his reign, still insecure at home, he had pursued a difficult diplomatic plan with skill

-England's relations with France remained intact (military intervention had been brief)

-France stopped supporting pretenders and payments received

Failures of H7 foreign policy in France/brittany:

Brittany was absorbed into the French state in 1532 + all of the Southern shore of the English Channel = French (except Calais)

Why was is important that relations with netherlands and burgundy were maintained?

Most of England's exports went through the Netherlands, such as the port of Antwerp, which came under Burgundy control

Who was margaret of burgundy?

sister of Richard III and upholder of the Yorkist cause

Who had control over burgundy?

Maximillian of the Holy Roman empire, who gave it to his son Phillip in 1494

Who did maximilian and phillip both support?

warbeck

When did Henry enforce a trade embargo on burgundy and why?

1493 due to their support for warbeck

What treaty ended the trade embargo and why?

Intercursus Magnus in 1496 as warbeck left burgundy

When was the treaty of windsor?

1506

What was the treaty of windsor?

New trade improvement which strengthened the trade between england and the netherlands through the intercursus malus.

Phillip and Maximilian also handed over Yorkist (duke of suffolk) Edmund de la Pole whom Henry imprisoned in the Tower.

Why was Henry's foreign policy in burgundy successful?

secured his dynasty and also improved trade links

Who was spain ruled by and why was it important to maintain good relations?

Ferdinand (of Aragon) and Isabella (of Castille) = very powerful so Henry hoped to maintain good relations

When was the treaty of medina del campo?

1489

What 3 things did the treaty of medina del campo include?

mutual protection, agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders and proposed marriage between arthur and princess catherine of aragon

Why did arrangements for the marriage between CoA and arthur not go through smoothly?

ferdinand was worried about warbeck

When did Prince Arthur die?

1502

Why did the death of prince arthur bring complications for foreign policy?

suggested that she should marry prince Henry, however this would require permission from the pope

When does isabella of castille die?

1504

What happens after the death of isabella of castille?

power struggle between Ferdinand and his daughter Joanna

Who did henry side with Joanna or ferdinand and why?

Joana as her husband = Phillip of Burgundy (therefore the treaty of Windsor also strengthened relations)

When does philip of burgundy die and why is this significant in FP relations with spain?

1506 - Joana goes mad (grief stricken) so Ferdinand is in control and he blocks the marriage between henry and Catherine and only allowed it after Henry VII died

When was the league of cambrai?

1508

What was the league of cambrai?

An alliance against venice but england was not included

How successful was foreign policy with spain?

Not very successful - no marriage whilst H7 was alive and England were isolated in the League of Cambria

Position of Henry's relationship with scotland?

traditionally difficult with frequent border warfare and complicated by persistent danger of the Franco-Scottish alliance

When did James IV come to power?

1495

Who did James welcome into scotland and how?

warbeck - he sheltered him for 2 years, paid him a pension and agreed for warbeck to marry his cousin Katherine gordon

Who invaded england in 1496?

Warbeck invaded England with James IV's support but they failed and retreated quickly

What did Henry do after warbeck invaded in 1496 from scotland?

built the largest army of his reign but the Scottish were saved from invasion due to the start of the Cornish rebellion (ironically a rebellion that was provoked by the subsidy raised to pay for the war against Scotland)

When was the Truce of Ayton?

1497

What was the Truce of Ayton?

Relations improve +

James IV no longer has any use of Warbeck and he is executed in 1499

When was the treaty of perpetual peace?

1502

How successful was FP with scotland?

Very successful as the peace lasted until the end of Henry's reign + secured his dynasty even further

What was the treaty of perpetual peace?

promising peace and arranging the marriage of James IV and princess Margaret

What was Henry's position in ireland?

power in Ireland stretched as far as the area which surrounded Dublin (power in the rest of Ireland lay with the local barons who had settled there in the 12th century)

Who was the lord deputy of ireland since 1477?

earl of kildare

Why did henry fear the earl of kildare had yorkist sympathies?

due to his involvement in the simnel rebellion

In 1491 why did H7 send an army to ireland?

King’s patience stained he showed less tolerance of Warbeck in Dublin (warbeck fled to france)

Who did H7 make leadership of the council of ireland?

prince Henry Lieutenant of Ireland with sir Edward Poyning’s as his deputy

what was poynings law?

that no law could be passed in irish parliament without approval from the english crown

When was Poyning's law?

1495

What happened to kildare when council of ireland came to power?

arrested and sent to England as a prisoner - his lands were attained by the Irish parliaments

Why did Henry VII reverse Ireland back to anglo-irish nobility?

1496 - when Scotland led by Warbeck invaded, it became too expensive

When was Kildare reinstated?

1496

How did H7 ensure Kildare remained loyal to him after being reinstates?

kept his son in England to guarantee loyal conduct

What do some historians argue about kildares reinstatement being a good call?

Some historians argue the reinstatement of Kildare was a judgement made by a confident King who judged that crisis had passed

What do some historians argue about kildare's reinstatement being a failure?

believe it was a failure because it marked the end of English control in Ireland

Success of poynings

had succeeded, albeit temporarily, in reducing support for Warbeck

What 3 things motivated Henry's foreign policy?

security, recognition, prosperity

Why was Henry motivated by prosperity?

aware that a rich king was more respected at home and abroad than a poor one. Henry was anxious to ensure that relations with other countries filled his pockets and improved his trading powers.

Why was Henry motivated by security?

he himself was a usurper and it was vital that he had support from other countries

Why was Henry motivated by recognition?

as the head of a new dynasty it was important that he obtained acceptant of other powers

what does it mean to be secure through foreign policy?

-position on the throne is secure

-avoiding rebellions and prevent international support for rebellions

-avoid risky conflicts

-alliances

-avoid invasion

What does it mean to be recognised through foreign policy?

-through alliances

-seen as 'rightful King'

-reduced doubts over his legitimacy

-raises his prestige at home and abroad

-marriage alliances

What does it mean to achieve prosperity through foreign policy?

-improve trade links

-Avoid aggressive foreign policy which could lead to war which would lead to high taxes

-stabilise the crown

How does recognition link to security?

dynastic security

How does prosperity lead to security?

financial security