motor development ballistic skills exam

the type of throwing a person uses depends on...

task contraints

1. rule of game

2. size of ball

scores on throws for distance reflect...

body size and strength

children younger than 3 throwing using?

arm action alone

backswing

backward or takeaway movement putting the arm, leg, or racket in position to move forward ballistically to project an object

validated developmental sequences

step-by-step advances in performance skill determined by longitudinal study and fall in the same fixed order for all individuals

block rotation

lower and upper trunk as a unit

differentiated trunk rotation

lower trunk rotates forward while upper trunk rotates backward

throwing foot action step 1

No step

throwing foot action step 2

step taken

homolateral step

throwing foot action step 3

step taken

contralateral short step

throwing action step 4

step taken

contralateral long step

throwing trunk action step 1

no rotary movement

throwing trunk action step 2

rotary movement

lower trunk doesn't rotate (block)

throwing trunk action step 3

rotary movement

lower trunk rotates

hips don't move forward before trunk (block)

throwing trunk action step 4

rotary movement

lower trunk rotates

hips move forward before trunk

throwing backswing step 1

arms don't move backward before forward

throwing backswing step 2

arms move backward before forward

hand doesn't drop below waist

ball doesn't swing outward, up, and around

throwing backswing step 3

arms move backward before forward

hand doesn't drop below waist

ball swings outward, up, and around

throwing backswing step 4

arms move backward before forward

hand drops below waist

throwing humerus action step 1

elbow and upper arm don't move forward

throwing humerus action step 2

elbow and upper arm move forward

elbow seen outside the outline of body

throwing humerus action step 3

elbow and upper arm move forward

elbow pointed toward the side

throwing forearm step 1

ball in thrower's hand moves forward steadily

throwing forearm step 2

ball in thrower's hand stays stationary/drops down

lag before front facing

throwing forearm step 3

ball in thrower's hand stays stationary/drops down

lag at front facing

what is the pattern change from throwing distance to throwing accuracy

movement pattern

kick

ballistic strike of an object by the foot

proficient kicking

preparatory windup

thigh rotates forward leg extends

swing kicking leg through full range of motion

trunk rotation ( leans back)

arms in opposition

preparatory windup in kicking

trunk rotated back

kicking leg cocked

knee of kicking leg flexed

running up contributes to?

momentum to the kick

what acts as a control parameter for kicking?

distance

individuals change kicking pattern once...

critical kicking distance is reached

what may be a key component in developmental change in kicking?

ability to generate force

best way to observe kicking?

from the side

1. placement of supported foot

2. rang of motion

3. range of trunk motion

4. arm opposition

punt

form of kicking, object is dropped from the individual's hand before the foot strikes it

best view to observe punting

from the side

1. view of ball drop

2. arm position

3. foot position

punting arm action: ball-release phase step 1

punter tosses ball

punting arm action: ball-release phase step 2

punter doesn't toss ball

punter drops ball as/after support foot touches ground

ball drops from chest height

punting arm action: ball-release phase step 3

punter doesn't toss the ball

punter drops ball as/after support foot touches ground

ball drops from waist height

punting arm action: ball-release phase step 4

punter doesn't toss the ball

punter drops ball before support foot touches ground

punting arm action: ball-contact phase step 1

arms drop to side after ball release

punting arm action: ball-contact phase step 2

arms don't drop to side after ball release

arms abduct

punting arm action: ball-contact phase step 3

arms don't drop to side after ball release

arms move in opposition

leg action: ball-contact phase step 1

no/ short step; ankle flexed

leg action: ball-contact phase step 2

step taken

long step; ankle plantar flexed (extended)

leg action: ball-contact phase step 3

step taken

leap and hop

sidearm striking

form of striking; arm remains at or below shoulder level

sidearm striking racket/bat action step 1

racket swing not in horizontal plane

sidearm striking racket/bat action step 2

racket swing in horizontal plane

no racket lag

sidearm striking racket/bat action step 3

racket swing in horizontal plane

racket lag

racket lag not at front-facing position

sidearm striking racket/bat action step 4

racket swing in horizontal plane

racket lag

racket lag in front-facing position

overarm striking

form of striking; arm travels above shoulder level

proficient overarm striking

rotates both pelvis and spine more than 90º

holds the elbow angle btw 90º and 119º

lets racket lag behind arm during forward swing

humerus and forearm lag example of?

open kinetic chain

best view to observe overarm striking?

behind and from the side

What defines ballistic skills?

Movements where force is applied to project an object.

Which of the following is a characteristic of early overarm throwing?

No trunk rotation.

What does differentiated trunk rotation mean?

The lower and upper trunk rotate separately for efficiency.

How does foot action progress in overarm throwing development?

No step → Homolateral step → Contralateral step.

Why might accuracy throws use lower developmental steps?

All of the above.

Which is a common challenge in early kicking?

Lack of full follow-through.

How does trunk rotation differ between early and proficient sidearm striking?

Early striking lacks trunk rotation.

Why do older adults reach peak force earlier in golf swings?

Less range of motion.

What is the significance of developmental sequences in motor skills?

All of the above.

Which of the following is a key finding from motor skill intervention studies?

They improve both object control and locomotor skills.

What is the benefit of the "shake-hands grip" in striking?

Allows for better control and range of motion.

Which is a major limitation of developmental changes in kicking?

Some individuals never reach the highest developmental step.

How do movement patterns in striking compare to overarm throwing?

Both involve trunk rotation and sequential force production.

Which assessment tool is used to measure gross motor skill performance?

TGMD-3.

Why do some individuals not reach the highest step in a developmental sequence?

All of the above.

Overarm throwing development follows a fixed order for all individuals.

False

Punting is easier for children than kicking.

False (Punting is often more difficult for young children because it requires timing and coordination.)

Proficient striking involves a vertical plane of motion.

False (Proficient striking involves a horizontal plane of motion.)

Older adults completely lose the ability to perform ballistic skills.

False (Older adults maintain some ability but may show slower movement patterns.)

The TGMD-3 measures gross motor skill performance.

True

Developmental sequences in throwing involve changes in trunk, arm, and leg movements.

True

In early punting, children often toss the ball upward.

True

Proficient throwing involves sequential movement to maximize force.

True

Girls generally reach the same highest developmental step as boys in throwing.

False (On average, boys tend to reach higher developmental steps in throwing due to strength and practice differences.)

Differences in throwing ability between sexes are due solely to biological factors.

False (Differences in throwing ability arise from both biological and environmental factors.)