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What is the equation of respiration?
Glucose+Oxygen->Water+Carbon Dioxide+Energy(ATP)
Define homeostasis and why is it important for our health?
When an organism can maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. It ensures proper functioning of cells, maintains enzyme activity, balances PH, temperature, fluid levels.
Homeostasis is often maintained by active transport. There are 3 characteristics of active transport:
Requires energy (ATP), 2. moves against concentration gradient, 3. requires protein carrier.
Our physiological system,s function to maintain homeostasis. The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the _________ and _________ of food/nutrients.
digestion; absorption
The cardiovascular system and respiratory system work together in order to supply ________ and to remove ________.
oxygen, carbon dioxide
What is an essential nutrient? Give an example.
Nutrients necessary for the body, but that the body cannot make or produce in sufficient quantities. (e.g., Omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin C).
Name 6 nutrients and their associated caloric levels.
Carbs (4cal/g), Proteins (4cal/g), Fats (9cal/g), Minerals, Water, Vitamins.
Describe the structure of lipids/fats.
Glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids.
How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ structurally?
Saturated fats contain single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds.
Name the two nutritionally important lipoproteins.
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
How do HDL's and LDL's function and what is their role in heart disease?
LDL: transports cholesterol to tissues; excess can cause plaque buildup in arteries, increasing heart disease risk.
HDL: Removes excess cholesterol from tissues and carries it to liver for excretion; protects against heart disease.
What is a positive impact of exercise to overall health?
Improves cardiovascular health, increases oxygen delivery to tissues, and enhances metabolic rate.
Water moves by what type of transport?
Osmosis (passive transport).
Name 2 characteristics of passive transport.
No energy required, moves substances from high to low concentration.
Name and describe 2 types of biochemical reactions.
Catabolic: breaks down molecules (e.g., glucose breakdown in respiration)
Anabolic: builds complex molecules (e.g., protein synthesis).
Why are enzymes important to our physiological health? Using an example, include an explanation of what an enzyme is and how it functions?
Enzymes act as biological catalysts that speed up reactions. (e.g., lactase breaks down lactose into glucose+galactose)
How is TPN administered?
Administered through IV.
In general, what does TPN contain?
Glucose, amino acids, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes.
When you're getting all of your preparations in order for the race, which nutrient would you want to pack/bring to get immediate energy during the race?
Carbohydrates because they provide quick energy through glucose metabolism.
What is the definition of Cardiac Output?
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Cardiac Output= Stroke Volume x Heart Rate
Trained athletes have a higher Cardiac Output during exercise because their _______________ is greater than that of a "couch potato"
greater stroke volume
Respiration reflects our capacity to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. By what type of transport mechanism are these two gasses transported?
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are transported by diffusion.
Describe what your hemoglobin value measures.
Measures the concentration of hemoglobin in blood, reflecting oxygen-carrying capacity.
What changes in your hemoglobin level would you expect to see after training at high altitude and why?
Increase in HB level due physical adaptation to lower oxygen availability, enhancing oxygen transport.
Describe what your hematocrit value measures.
Measures the percentage of red blood cells in blood, indicating oxygen transport capacity.
What is the rationale for adding trans fats and added sugars to the label related to one's nutritional health?
Trans Fats: Increase LDL and decrease HDL; linked to heart disease
Added Sugars: Provide empty calories, linked to obesity and diabetes.
What disaccharide is present in dairy products? __________________.This molecule is composed of ______________________ and _________________.
Lactose; glucose; galactose
Besides disaccharides, there are two other types of carbohydrates important to nutrition. Name them and briefly describe their structure.
Monosaccharides; single sugar units
Polysaccharides; Chains of sugar units
Your grandmother is unable to drink milk but enjoys a bowl of ice cream. Her physician has diagnosed her with "lactase deficiency" but you think she has "lactose intolerance". Explain the difference and justify why you think she has lactose intolerance.
Lactase Deficiency: Reduced enzyme production
Lactose Intolerance: Symptoms due to undigested lactose
Carbohydrates are important in providing the energy we need. Where in the gastrointestinal tract does digestion and absorption take place_____________ .
Small intestine
Briefly describe what takes place here, be sure to include the site, enzymes, substrate, & products of carbohydrates.
Site: Small intestine
Enzyme: Lactase
Substrate: Lactose
Product: Galactose and glucose
Are Omega-3 fatty acids essential?
Essential; the body cannot produce them.
Define a calorie.
Unit of energy used to measure the energy content of food and beverages.
Our use of energy, or thermodynamics, explains the body's use of energy. Our Resting Metabolic Rate accounts for 60% of our energy use. What does it reflect and what happens as we age?
Reflects energy use for basic bodily functions; declines with age due to loss of muscle mass.
The Professor acknowledges that exercise is usually prescribed to dieters.Explain how exercise influences hemoglobin binding and oxygen delivery to the tissues.
Exercise increases HB's ability to release oxygen in tissues.
Energy is stored in bonds. When molecules are split energy is _____________ and when 2 molecules come together to form a new molecule energy is ___________.
Enzymes are critical for these biochemical reactions. Name one of the major characteristics of enzymes _____________.
Name 3 enzymes and the substrate they react with.
lactase, lactose, saltase, sucrose, maltase, maltose
Specificity; they act on specific substrates.
Lactase-lactose, maltase-maltose, sucrase-sucrose.
List 2 functions of proteins.
Enzymatic activity, structural support.
You read your granola's food label and you see that there are 20 g of carbohydrates and 10 g of fat in one serving. How many calories per serving will come from carbohydrates and how many will come from fat?
80 cal from carbs, 90 cal from fat
Amylase, produced by the pancreas, functions in the ______ to break down ______, which are a type of ______.
small intestine
The relationship between structure and function has been stressed throughout this course. Match the following "structures" with appropriate "functions"
a. Pulmonary Artery =
b. Arteries =
c. Alveoli =
d. Veins =
e. Small intestines =
f. Capillaries =
n/a
b. Arteries: Transport oxygenated blood.
c. Alveoli: Gas exchange.
d. Veins: Return deoxygenated blood.
e. Small intestine: Nutrient absorption.
f. Capillaries: Exchange of nutrients and waste.
Explain the mechanism that we have to protect ourselves from digesting our own protein membranes?
Digestive enzymes are stored in inactive forms to prevent self-digestion.
Describe two physical characteristics that are different, between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Saturated fats: Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated fats: Liquid at room temperature
What are 2 functions of water in our bodies?
Solvent for biochemical reactions, regulates body temperature
What term is used to describe the strength by which hemoglobin binds to oxygen?
Affinity
Note 
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