MMW 13 TERMS

Abkar 1

1. Established separation of state and religion and opened government positions to members of all religions in the mughal empire 

Absolutism 

1. Rise late 17th

2. Drive towards state consolidation of power

   1. Ruler has political supremacy 

3. Growing centralization of the state

   1. Military revolution, bureaucracies, collect revenues 

Asiento

1. The treaty of utrect British Asiento 1713: Contract that allowed you to trade slaves 

Atlantic Africa/shifting trade/political patterns

1. M/F/T colonialism 

2. Trade in human beings

3. Disrupt power dynamics

4. Transform nature of enslavement 

5. Pre Trans Atlantic Slavery and Trade: slaves had a greater chance of freedom, legal rights generally not defined by racial categories, and greater chance not permanently separated from family, place of origin etc. 

6. Transatlantic Slavery/ trade

   1. Extreme exploitation of victims

   2. Rise of Mercantilism (wealth created through resource extraction)

Barbados

1. English Barbados; well situated land to grow sugar-> sparks caribbean sugar revolution 1640-1650 and the expansion of the slave trade;  ** the most important colony, American origins also seen in this colony 

Battle of Nagashino 1575

1. Battle had a widespread use of firearms 

Coffee and the “age of reason”

1. Before Coffee there was "beer soup", drunk to jittery; Coffee consumption during the 1700s

2. Before 18th 

   1. Beer soup vs coffee

   2. Drunk to jittery

3. Coffee consumption 1700s

   1. Beer prices rising

4. “the age of reason accompanies the rise of caffeinated beverages” Steven johnson

Columbian exchange 

1. Columbian exchange = global trade

   1. Spain and Portugal primary role driving global trade

   2. Portuguese: “the grocer king”

   3. Portuguese supplant 

      1. Genoese, traders, merchants bankers 

2. Atlantic, indian, and pacific ocean

3. Growth of silver stock in europe

4. Financial revolution 

   1. Merchants, state and private, “companies”

Colonialism 

1. Colonialism: subjugation of one state to another

2. Arose from necessity and innovation

3. Globalized two medieval resettlement/trade models: reconquest and fort

4. Disrupted the balance of power among african kingdoms

5. Led to the rise of trans-atlantic slavery, chattel 

   1. The rise of the form of slavery where their personhood is removed

6. Resource: silver

7. Labor: forced/tribute/enslaved

8. Second wave of colonialism = slave driven empires

9. Spread ideas and technologies (scholarly and local)

   1. Missionaries, traders, scientists, pirates

Columbus

1. 1492: Columbus sails across the ocean

   1. Maritime experience 

      1. Mediterranean, lisbon, iceland, african coast

   2. Resources, connections, noble marriage

Creole ascendancy

1. Creoles: individuals born in the colony; families from metropole

2. Prosper financially; take on important government/financial roles

3. Benjamin Franklin first global celebrity 

   1. Made money from printing newspapers and also electricity 

4. Micropatropic but identify with metropole

   1. See themselves as “british”/”spanish”

   2. Desire rights of citizen of “metropole”

Disease and conquest americans

1. Indigenous peoples had no immunity to afro-eurasian zoonotic diseases 

2. “compound epidemics”: involved more than one pathogen 

3. death: 80-90% of population in first 100 years

4. population 

   1. pre conquest levels, until 20th century 

5. travels south, ahead of Iberians 

6. brought by native peoples in contact with Iberians 

7. Aztec empire 

   1. Spanish forces arrive just before disease does 

8. Inca empire

   1. disease arrives before spanishards

Door of no return

1. The door through which african slaves boarded ships to the americas in the transatlantic slave trade, symbolic of the loss of freedom and identity.

Enlightenment

1. Intellectual and philosophical movement 

   1. Emphasized reason and science over tradition

Evolution of science

1. Overthrow long-established forms of knowledge and generates new views of natural world

2. Unprecedented acceleration of scientific knowledge

3. Transforms form marginal, isolated practice to a major social, cultural, political, and economic force 

4. Spread of ideas and technologies (scholarly and local)

   1. Missionaries, traders, scientists, pirates 

      1. Due to cultural exchange and colonialism

Evolution of trans-atlantic slave trade

1. Created unrepented proliferation of african chattel slavery (scale and nature)

2. Exploited and caused untold suffering and misery of its victims

3. Influenced the political evolution of societies and kingdoms in africa

4. Was central to Atlantic world economies 

5. Movement people, goods, services, capital, and credit

6. Expands beyond iberia 

   1. England and netherlands begin slaving activities between africa and the caribbean 1562

7. Slaves in Virginia 1619, brought by pirates 

8. British asiento 1713

9. Local rulers and merchants sell africans 

   1. War captives, kidnapping/slave raiding, judicial cases 

10. Trans-atlantic Africa 

    1. Merchant networks 

       1. Interior coast

       2. African kingdoms not colonized until 19th

    2. Demand for guns and gunpowder, asian textiles, cowry shells, jewelry, rum, tobacco 

       1. Demand and guns led to more “wars” and more slaves

Iberian reconquest model

Full conquest of an area; Permanent rule; Substantial immigration; Sustained and intimate contact with local population; Imposition of Christianity ; Trying to radically populate conquered areas with their own people and recreate their own society ; Ethnocentrism ; Living amongst locals

“Improvement”

In Americas; unimproved land: defined as wilderness associated with chaos and natives; settlers saw unimproved land as their duty to "improve”

Kingdom of kongo

1. Mabnza kongo

   1. Capital, slave market (circa 14 cent)

2. Kongo-portugal contact, 1483

3. Supply people for portuguese slave trade 

   1. Protect native “kongolese”

Little ice age

1. 1300-1870 

   1. Unusually cold and dry weather

   2. Shortens growing season

2. China 1600s 

   1. Severe social disruptions 

      1. Droughts, flooding, famine, earthquakes, plague

Mediterranean fort trade model

1. Factories (Fort), trade with local populace, coastal, continued exploration 

Merchant capitalism

1. Accumulate capital through movement of commodities 

2. Cheap to expensive markets

3. Labor: forced, exploited

Militarization of southwest asian waters

1. Increased military forces and arms against external threats

“Nao de china”

1. Associated with forts in california-> forts were a way station for the Nao which sailed from philippines, china and to Mexico etc. , 

2. Port of call, Gateway to Chinese and Asia; India- Cottons | CHina- Porcelain, religious items | Persia- rugs | Moluccas- spices

New conquest history/old conquest history

1. Old conquest history

   1. Spanish’s success 

      1. Military skill, courageous 

      2. intellectual superiority 

      3. technology, firepower

2. New conquest history

   1. technology (guns) still important, but not as decisive 

   2. role of disease 

   3. indigenous allies, soldiers and in other capacities

“New world” crops, ming china

1. Importation of Maize, Sweet Potato, Peanuts } led to rise in Chinese population

2. transition from hunting gathering to sedentism

Pacific trade

1. Silver to asia 

   1. Exchanges silk, procelains, spices, finished goods

Plantation trading complex

1. Was an engine of trans-atlantic slavery 

2. Focused on key commodities, especially sugar and enslaved peoples

3. Two-thirds of africans brought to mediterranean and atlantic to produce sugarcane

4. Second wave of colonialism = slave driven empires

Protein-rich crop theory

1. transition from hunting gathering to sedentism varies by region

   1. middle east 11,000-9000 BCE

   2. protein rich crops 

2. Latin America 2000 BCE

   1. maize, initially poor crop, also beans 

3. sedentism 

   1. germs and resistance, weapons 

      1. steel, trial and error, Europeans adapt from Middle East

Religious reinvigorations/reforms

1. Types of religious transformation in EMP 

   1. Reform (1) and reinvigoration (2) within traditions 

   2. Increased opportunities for interactions (3) among religions 

   3. Innovations (4) : new traditions

   4. Conversions (5): voluntary, forced

Science and empire

1. Colonies and institutions 

   1. Spread ideas and expand knowledge

2. Chair math and philosophy at harvard (1728)

   1. Issac greenwood 

   2. Disseminates newton’s ideas new england

Scientific expeditions

1. Scientist travel globally 

   1. Astronomical measurements 

   2. Catalog flora and fauna 

   3. Physics experiments 

2. Spread collect, and disseminate ideas

Second colonial wave

1. Spain and portugal 

   1. Territorial and trade monopolies, unable to defend all 

2. 17th century 

   1. Who: dutch, english, french, danish 

      1. How: shipbuilding industries, north atlantic seaports, mariners and merchants

   2. Why: geopolitical anxieties, militant protestantism 

      1. Commerce, wealth, power

Seven years’ war

1. First global war, 1756-1763

2. Multiple continents and seas 

3. Significance 

   1. Redistributes balance of power in europe

   2. British supremacy

4. Foreshadows colonial rebellions, sense of authority

Silver production and global currency

1. Provides bullion for purchase and trade

2. Connects asia directly to the americas through pacific exchange (circa 1571)

3. Influences political dynamics of asian states

4. Shapes cultural practices in europe and americas

5. Driven by spectrums of forced labor, especially amerindian

Single whip

1. 1576, single tax paid in silver instead of rice

2. Sparks global demand for silver

Special standing/hierarchy in colonies

1. Colony 

   1. Place of origin

      1. Colonists born in metropole, highest rank

      2. Colonists born in “america”, criollos, canadiens 

2. Phenotype: resemblance to dominant culture affects social standing 

3. “Closer” brings more opportunities 

4. Europeans (peninsular spaniards creoles (american born)), castas, indigenous people free afro-latin americans, enslaves

Spanish-indigenous alliances in the americas

1. Spaniards exploited the discontented subjects or enemies 

2. promised them rewards if they won 

3. military and civilian, 100,000s 

   1. rivalries, concessions 

4. Indigenous allies did not expect

   1. permanent sociopolitical sub for animation 

   2. Spaniards to live among them

   3. to be homogenized as “Indians”

   4. religious beliefs persecuted and destroyed

Spectrums of forced labor

1. Explorative colonial labor institutions included 

   1. Encomienda and repartimiento, tribute, slavery, indentured servitude  

2. Engages: new france 

3. Immigrants, high as 20% of workforce before 1760

4. Three year contracts 

   1. Farmed land, cared for livestock, built and maintained buildings 

5. Encomienda, grant of labor and tribute 

6. Encomendero: in return protection and christianity 

7. Repartimiento: seasonal draft labor 

   1. Human carrier, mine labor, build roads

Sugar production

1. Sugar is a key commodity, sugar = white gold

   1. Labor intensive, slave driven empire 

2. English barbados sparks caribbean sugar revolution 

3. Growth of domestic sugar consumption and refineries in denmark-normay in early 1750s and re-exploration of sugar to baltic markets

Treaty of alcacovas (1479)

1. Official european dominion

   1. Right to divide and conquer based on conquest of “discovery”

   2. No consent from indigenous peoples