Biology - End of years (year10)

ADH

anti-diuretic hormone helps control the water balance of the bodying affects the amount of urine produced by the kidney.

Adrenaline

a hormone that prepares the body for fight or flight

endocrine system

the glands that produce the hormones that control many aspects of the development and metabolism of the body, and the hormones they produce

FSH

follicle-stimulating hormone causes the eggs to mature in the ovary

glucagon

the hormone involved in the control of blood sugar levels

Hormones

chemical produced in one area of the body an organism that have an effect on the functioning of another are if the body.

Insulin

the hormone involved in the control of blood sugar levels

oestrogen

female sex hormone that controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics in girls at puberty, and the buildup and maintenance of the uterus lining during the menstrual cycle

ovaries

female sex organ that produces eggs and sex hormones

ovulation

the release of a mature egg (ovum) from the ovary

pituitary gland

‘Master gland‘ - found in the brain that secretes a number of different hormones into the blood in response to different conditions to control other endocrine glands in the body

testosterone

the main male sex hormone that controls the male secondary sexual characteristic at puberty and the production of sperm

type 1 diabetes

a disorder where the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin

type 2 diabetes

a disorder where the body cells no longer respond to the insulin produced by the pancreas

Pancreas function

to produce enzymes to digest food and to produce hormones insulin and glucagon to help maintain people’s blood sugar control.

pituitary gland function

regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction through HGH, TSH, FSH and GH

CNS

Central nervous system is the last of the nervous system where information is processed. It is made up of the brain and the spinal chord

reflex arc

Bring about a reflect action and involve the sense organ, sensory neurone, relay neurone and motor neurone

receptors

Cells that detect stimuli – changes in the internal or external environment

neurones

Basic cells of the nervous system that carry minute electrical impulses around the b

nerve

Bundle of hundreds or even thousands of neurons

myopia

Shortsightedness, where are the rays of light from close objects are brought into focus on the retina but distant objects appear blurred as the light is focused in front of the retina

motor nuerons

Carry impulses from the central nervous system to the effector organs

medulla

Region of the brain concerned with unconscious activities such as controlling the heart rate and breathing rate

hyperopia

Long-sightedness, where are the rays of light from distant objects can be focused clearly on the retina but the rays of light from close objects are not focused and the objects appear blurry

coordination centres

Areas that receive and process information from receptors

effectors

Areas (usually muscles or glands) that bring about responses in the body

homeostasis

The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell organism to maintain optimum conditions for function, in response to internal and external changes

ciliary muscles

Muscles that contract and relax to change the shape of the lens of the eye

cerebellum

region of the brain concerned with coordinating muscular activity and balance

cerebral cortex

region of the brain associated with consciousness, memory and language

aerobic respiration

An exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide in water and release energy for the cells

anaerobic respiration

An exothermic reaction in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce lactic acid in animals and ethanol and carbon dioxide implants and yeast, a small amount of energy is transferred for the cells

equation for aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy).

equation for anaerobic respiration (animals)

C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3 (Glucose -> Lactic acid + energy)

endothermic reaction

A reaction that requires a transfer of energy from the environment

exothermic reaction

A reaction that transfers energy to the environment

glycogen

The carbohydrate store in animals

lactic acid

The end product of anaerobic respiration in animal cells

oxygen debt

The extra oxygen that must be taken into the body after exercise has stopped to complete the aerobic respiration of lactic acid

equation for anaerobic respiration (yeast and plants)

C6H12O6 ⟶ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 (glucose ⟶ ethanol + carbon dioxide)

photosynthesis

The process by which plants make food using carbon dioxide, water and light

glucose

A simple sugar

suspensory ligaments

The ligaments that connect the lens of the eye to the ciliary muscles

stimuli

Changes in the external or internal environment that can be detected by receptors

sensory neurone

Neuron carries impulses from the sensory organ to the central nervous system

reflexes

Rapid automatic responses of the nervous system that do not involve conscious thought

chlorosis

The yellowing seen on the leaves of plants when they cannot make chlorophyll due to lack of magnesium ions

communicable (infectious) disease

Disease caused by pathogens that can be passed from one organism to another

culture medium

A liquid or gel used to support the growth of microorganisms or other cultures, often containing specific nutrients

inoculate

Introducing microorganisms to a culture medium or introducing modified microorganisms into an individual to protect them against disease

microorganism

Organisms that are usually single-celled and can only be seen using a microscope

mutation

A change in the genetic material of an organism

non-communicable diseases

Diseases that are not infectious and cannot be passed from one organism to another

pathogens

Micro organisms that cause disease

binary fission

Reproduction by simple cell division, occurs in bacteria

aphids

Insects that penetrate the plant phloem and feed on the dissolved food. They act as plant pathogens and are also vectors that carry pathogenic viruses, bacteria, and fungi into healthy plant tiss

agar gel

Widely used jail culture medium used for growing microorganisms

limiting factor

a factor that limits the rate of reaction

aorta

The artery that leaves the heart from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body

arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, they usually carry oxygenated blood and have a pulse

atria

The upper chambers of the heart

capillaries

The smallest blood vessels that run between individual cells and have a wall that is only one cell thick

coronary arteries

The blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscles

double circulatory system

The circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs is separate from the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body

epidermal

The name given to cells that make up the epidermis or outer layer of an organism

guard cells

Surround the stomata in the leaves of the plant and control their opening and closing

haemoglobin

The red pigment that carries oxygen around the body in the red blood cells

palisade mesophyll

The upper layer of the mesophyll tissue implant leaves made up of closely packed cells that contain many chloroplasts for photosynthesis

phloem

The living transport tissue in plants that carry dissolved food/sugars around the plant

plasma

The clear yellow liquid part of the blood that carries dissolve substances and blood cells around the body

platelets

Fragments of cells in the blood that play a vital role in the clotting mechanism of the blood

virus

Pathogens that are much smaller than bacteria and can only reproduce inside living cells of another organism

vaccine

Dead or in active pathogenic material used in vaccinations to develop immunity to a disease in a healthy person

Sexually transmitted disease (STD)

Transmitted from an infected person to an infected person by unprotected sexual contact

active site

the site on an enzyme where the reactants bind.

amino acids

molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen that are the building blocks of protein

amylase

an enzyme that speeds up the digestion of starch into sugars

bile

Neutralises stomach acid to give a high pH for enzymes from the pancreas and small intestines to work well

carbohydrates

Molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and they provide the energy for the metabolism.

carbohydrases

Enzymes that speed up the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars

catalyst

A substance that speeds up the rate of another reaction but is not used up or changed itself

xylem

The nonliving transport tissue in plants that transports water from the roots to the leaves and shoots

white blood cells

Blood cells involved in the immune system of the body and they in gulf pathogens and make antibodies and antitoxins

ventricles

Chambers of the heart that contract to force blood out of the heart

vena cava

The large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart

veins

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart and they usually carry deoxygenated blood and have valves to prevent the backflow of blood

translocation

The movement of sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant through the phloem

transpiration

The loss of water vapour from the leaves of the plants through the stomata whether they are opened to allow gas exchange for photosynthesis and it involves evaporation from the surface of the cells and diffusion through the stomata

urea

The waste product form by the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver

stent

A metal mesh placed in a blocked or partially blocked artery that are used to open up the blood vessels by the inflation of a tiny balloon

statins

Drugs used to lower blood cholesterol levels and improved balance of high to low density lipoproteins in the blood

spongy mesophyll

The lower layer of mesophyll tissue in plant leaves contain some chloroplasts and many large air spaces to give a big surface area for the exchanges of gas

red blood cells

biconcave cells that contain a red pigment called haemoglobin and carry oxygen around the body in the blood

pulmonary vein

The large blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart

pulmonary artery

The large blood vessel that takes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

denatured

The breakdown of the molecule structure of a protein so it no longer functions

differentiate

The process where cells become specialised for a particular function

digestive system

Organ system where food is digested in absorbed

enzymes

Biological catalysts usually proteins