interpersonal relationships chapter 3

sex

biological traits (hormones, genitalia, chromosomes…) typically male with a penis and female with a vulva

intersex

have sex traits of both M & F or ambiguous genitalia

gender

social construct that refers to the learned attitudes and behaviors associated with being male/female

androgyny

a combo of traits that are stereotypical: masc and fem traits in physical appearance

gender binary

the traditional view that a person is either masculine or feminine

androgyne

refers to a person who identifies as androgynous

gender expression

how a person presents gender outwardly, through behavior, clothing, or other perceived characteristics

gender identity

self-concept. how individuals perceive and identify self as male, female, both or neither

cisgender

gender identity aligns with sex assigned at birth

agender

do not identify as having a gender identity at all

nonbinary and genderqueer

individuals who do not see themselves as fitting into the categories of wither masculine or feminine

gender fluid

feel that their gender identity is not fixed but rather changes

transgender

someone whose gender identity differs from their assigned birth sex

gender dysphoria

psychological distress or discomfort that results from the discrepance between ones gender identity and sex assigned at birth

gender roles

social norms that specify the expected behavior for boy/men and girls/women

gender ideology

attitudes regarding the roles, rights, and responsibilities of women and men in society

feminist movement

promotes women’s equal access to education, occupations, and income, as well as access to power in politics and in personal and social relationships

gender socialization

ways in which we learn how to “do gender” through being rewarded or punished for engaging in a particular behavior and through observational learning or modeling

family gender socialization

role modeling, clothes, toys, names. African more egalitarian. Hispanic more traditional

peers gender socialization

male peers in regard to norms of winning, power over women, playboy attitudes, and risk-taking. gender enforcement and gender policing

religion gender socialization

emphasize traditional marital roles for women and men. for example, men are expected to provide economically for the family, and women are expected to take care of the home and children

mass media gender socialization

television, movies, magazines, advertising, music, computer games, and music videos— reflect and shape gender roles

sexism

the subordination of and discrimination against individuals on the basis of sex

hostile sexism

involves negative views about women, such as views that women are incompetent, over-emotional, and sexually manipulative

benevolent sexism

behavior or attitudes that seem positive but may be based on sexism

feminization of povery

women have higher rates of poverty than men (lower income)