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1. Electromyography studies have revealed that a voluntary movement of the arm is immediately preceded by
a. a brief cessation of breathing.
b. rapid eye movements.
c. recruitment of muscle fibers according to the "size principle."
d. a postural response.
D
2. A complex set of commands to muscles that is established before a behavior starts is called a
a. closed-loop program.
b. temporary paralysis.
c. motor plan.
d. ballistic event.
C
4. In open-loop control mechanisms, activity is
a. preprogrammed.
b. error-free.
c. very slow.
d. subject to feedback.
A
5. Which statement about open-loop control systems is false?
a. They are not modulated by sensory feedback.
b. Activity is preprogrammed.
c. They are needed in systems that must respond very rapidly.
d. The control signal occurs after error is detected.
D
6. The striped appearance of muscle fibers is due to the regular arrangement of thick _______ filaments and thin _______ filaments.
a. extrafusal; intrafusal
b. intrafusal; extrafusal
c. myosin; actin
d. afferent; efferent
C
7. Muscles are connected to bone by
a. ligaments.
b. tendons.
c. myosin.
d. fascia.
B
8. A high innervation ratio characterizes
a. control of coarse movements.
b. control of fine movements.
c. a state of near paralysis.
d. slow fibers.
A
9. Deafferentation of the limb of humans or other primates results in
a. return of the Babinski reflex.
b. sustained withdrawal of all reflexes.
c. hyperkinetic movements.
d. disuse.
D
10. Which of the following has been described as a "universal" joint?
a. Elbow
b. Knee
c. Hip
d. Any finger joint
C
11. Which of the following is a property of fast-twitch muscle fibers?
a. Rapid fatigue
b. Ability to sustain long periods of muscle contraction
c. Used to maintain posture
d. Relatively high concentration of mitochondria
A
12. The wrist joint has _______ plane(s) of movement.
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. multiple
B
13. Muscles that act together are called
a. antagonists.
b. reciprocals.
c. muscle fibers.
d. synergists.
D
14. Bending of the myosin head causes muscle filaments to
a. move farther apart.
b. produce new filaments.
c. shrink.
d. slide past one another.
D
15. The motor unit is a
a. single motor axon and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
b. collection of axons that travel to the same muscle group.
c. collection of motor axons that produce the same movement.
d. single motor axon and a single muscle fiber.
A
16. Fibers that lie within the muscle spindle are known as _______ fibers.
a. fast
b. extrafusal
c. Golgi
d. intrafusal
D
17. Thick and thin filaments of muscle are made up of
a. actin and myosin.
b. fast and slow fibers.
c. synergists and antagonists.
d. intrafusal and extrafusal fibers.
A
18. Bungarotoxin, found in the venom of some snakes, can be lethal because it
a. prevents the victim from moving his or her limbs.
b. prevents the production of action potentials.
c. potentiates ACh transmission.
d. blocks ACh receptors, ultimately blocking contraction of the muscles necessary for breathing.
D
19. What is(are) the transmitter(s) at the neuromuscular junction?
a. Endogenous opioids
b. Glutamate
c. Various peptides
d. Acetylcholine
D
20. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is associated with
a. excessive dystrophin production.
b. defective dystrophin production.
c. abnormal dystrophin receptors.
d. high androgen levels.
B
21. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is a type of inherited muscle disorder that involves
a. a single gene located on chromosome 9.
b. a single gene located on the X chromosome.
c. polygenic control mechanisms.
d. a single gene located on the Y chromosome.
B
22. Golgi tendon organs report muscle
a. stretch.
b. damage.
c. contraction.
d. thickness
C
23. The gamma motor neurons innervate
a. small muscles.
b. large muscles.
c. muscle spindles.
d. spinal motoneurons.
C
24. The secondary sensory endings of muscle spindles are maximally responsive to
a. the rate of change of muscle length.
b. dynamic changes.
c. the weight of an object.
d. maintained muscle length.
D
25. Muscle spindles function by means of the stretching of
a. Golgi tendon organs.
b. actin.
c. myosin.
d. extrafusal fibers.
A
26. Muscle spindle tension is regulated by
a. secondary endings.
b. gamma efferents.
c. alpha motoneurons.
d. muscle size.
B
28. In rats with spinal cord cuts, transplanting _______ into the cut leads to the regeneration of corticospinal axons and some restoration of motor function.
a. olfactory neurons
b. ensheathing cells of the olfactory bulb
c. fetal motor neurons
d. undifferentiated epithelial cells
B
29. Polioviruses destroy
a. cerebellar cells.
b. motoneurons.
c. basal ganglia cells.
d. cerebral motor cortical cells.
B
30. Which structure exists outside the CNS?
a. Trigeminal nucleus
b. Oculomotor nucleus
c. Ventral horn motor neurons
d. Motor neurons
D
31. Primary cortex is called "executive" because it appears to control _______ movements.
a. complex
b. spontaneous
c. voluntary
d. rapid
C
33. Mental rehearsal of a complex motor task in humans is associated with
a. greater metabolic activity in the primary motor cortex.
b. enhanced metabolic activity in the primary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, and supplementary motor area.
c. increased blood flow only in the supplementary motor area.
d. increased blood flow only in the visual cortex.
C
34. The _______ has been implicated in externally guided motor sequences.
a. supplementary motor area
b. premotor cortex
c. primary motor cortex
d. cerebellum
B
35. Cerebellar activity is correlated with activity of _______, whereas basal ganglia activity is associated with activity of _______.
a. M1; premotor cortex
b. premotor cortex; the SMA
c. the SMA; M1
d. premotor cortex; somatosensory cortex
C
36. The term "striatum" refers to
a. all the structures of the basal ganglia.
b. the cerebellum and the caudate nucleus.
c. the thalamus.
d. the caudate nucleus and putamen.
D
37.. Each basal ganglia consists of
a. the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus.
b. exclusive connections to the thalamus.
c. elaborate pathways to the cerebellum.
d. a striatum and a globus pallidus.
D
38. Which statement about sensory connections to the cerebellum is correct?
a. Sensory inputs to the cerebellum are restricted to muscle receptors.
b. Minimal sensory connections are made to selected areas of the cerebellum.
c. Sensory inputs to the cerebellum are derived from virtually all sensory systems.
d. Visual and auditory inputs to the cerebellum are virtually nonexistent.
C
39. Researchers have found that the AMPA receptors on Bergmann glia are important for regulating fine motor coordination in mice. Which observation would support this idea?
a. Selectively blocking glutamate transmission between granule cells and Purkinje cells affects motor behavior.
b. Selectively knocking out AMPA receptors on Bergmann glia does not affect general motor behavior but disrupts challenging motor behavior.
c. Glutamate agonists cause mice to run faster.
d. All of the above
B
40. In order to use the Cre-lox system to study the role of AMPA receptors in Bergmann glia, researchers had to first
a. knock out lox sites.
b. antagonize glutamate transmission.
c. make mice that express the Cre gene only in glial cells.
d. insert lox sites into genes that encode for all glutamate receptors.
C
42. Alcoholic patients may have damage to the _______, which results in ataxic gait.
a. corpus striatum
b. pyramidal system
c. ventral horns
d. cerebellum
D
43. A primary symptom of cerebellar pathology is
a. ataxic gait.
b. paralysis.
c. sudden jerking movements of the limbs.
d. choreic movements.
A
44. Damage to _______ results in decomposition of movement.
a. striatal cells
b. the cerebral motor cortex
c. the spinal cord
d. the cerebellum
D
45. The partial paralysis caused by damage to primary motor cortex is called
a. spasticity.
b. paresis.
c. apraxia.
d. flaccidity.
B
46. Which of the following is the fundamental pathological change in Parkinson's disease?
a. Death of neurons of the substantia nigra
b. Destruction of the caudate and putamen
c. Decreased availability of serotonin
d. Atrophy of motor cortex
A
47. Which of the following is not a symptom of Parkinson’s disease?
a. Sudden flinging movements of the arms
b. Loss of facial expression
c. Tremors at rest
d. Loss of spontaneous actions
A
48. l-dopa can reverse some of the symptoms of
a. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.
b. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
c. Parkinson's disease.
d. Huntington's chorea.
C
49. The genetic defect responsible for Huntington's disease was identified through the use of a _______ map.
a. somatotopic
b. neuroanatomical
c. pedigree
d. geographic distribution
C
50. There is(are) _______ gene(s) related to Huntington's disease.
a. a single
b. two
c. an indeterminate number of
d. zero
A
51. Huntington's disease is transmitted by
a. multiple genes inherited in a simple recessive manner.
b. genes located on several chromosomes.
c. a single dominant gene.
d. viruses.
C
