Lab Manual Q’s (will not be on quiz)

NAME TWO OF THE FIVE STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Data Collection 4. Analysis of Data 5. Conclusion

______________ IS AN UNPROVEN CONCLUSION THAT ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN SOME PHENOMENA.

USUALLY IN THE FORM OF A QUESTION/ TESTABLE/ AND BASED ON MEASURABLE DESCRIBABLE

FACTS

Hypothesis

_________________ IS A LOGICAL, PRACTICAL, AND RELIABLE WAY OF APPROACHING AND

SOLVING PROBLEMS TO GAIN KNOWLEDGE, IT COMPRISES 5 MAJOR STEPS

Scientific method

______________ OBSERVATIONS ARE MADE USING THE SENSES (HEARING, TASTING, SEEING,

SMELLING, TOUCHING)

Qualitative

____________ OBSERVATIONS ARE BASED ON PRECISE MEASURMENTS, EXAMPLES ARE VOLUME,

MASS, SIZE

Quantitative

_____________ IS A PROCEDURE DESIGNED TO DESCRIBE THE FACTORS IN A GIVEN SITUATION

THAT AFFECT ONE ANOTHER (TO DISCOVER A CAUSE AND EFFECT) UNDER CERTAIN

CIRCUMSTANCES

Experiment

A ___________ IS ANY FACTOR THAT MIGHT AFFECT THE OUTCOME OF THE EXPERIMENT

Variable

THE ________________ VARIABLE IS MANIPULATED BY THE EXPERIMENTER TO DETERMINE

EFFECT ON THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Independent

THE ________________ VARIABLE CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES MADE TO THE

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

Dependent

A ________________ IS A NORMAL STANDARD AGAINST WHICH ALL OTHER SAMPLES ARE

COMPARED RELATIVE TO THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Control

THE _____________ IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST NUMBERS

OBTAINED IN A SAMPLE

Range

THE _______________ IS THE SUM OF THE ITEMS DIVIDED THE NUMBER OF ITEMS

Mean

A focus of investigation is called the _____

hypothesis

the _____ is an arbitrary system of measurement based on units of tens

metric

a ____ is a line connecting the plot points of the independent and dependent variables on an X and Y axis

curve

a ______ is a hypothesis that has been validated by many different investigators

theory

a _____ ______ is a theory that has been repeatedly verified and appears to have a wide application

biological principle

give two of the parts of a lab report ___ ____

introduction, results

give the metric unit of measurement for length

meter

give the metric unit of measurement for volume

liter

give the metric unit of measurement or mass

gram

give the metric unit of measurement for time

second

give the metric unit of measurement for temperature

degrees of celsius

give the equation for finding Celsius when given Farenheit degrees

C = (F-32) × 5/9

give the equation for finding farenheit when given celsius degrees

F = C × 9/5 + 32

an object's _____ is the amount of matter in an object

mass

the ____ of an object varies with gravitational pull on the object

weight

what is the English/British unit of temperature measurement?

Celsius

name one of the criterion that must be used for the statement of the hypothesis?

must be testable and must be based on facts

name one type of elementary treatment of data used in the lab _____

range

_____ is an important part of the scientific method and is the primary basis for support or rejection of many hypothesis

experimental repeatability

from the latin " for 100", _____ means parts per 100 parts

centi

which variable, dependent or independent, is found/placed on the x-axis

independent

which variable, dependent or independent, is found/placed on the y-axis

dependent

give one of the two conclusions/results that are obtained by a valid/correct hypothesis that has been used and validated by many investigators ______

theory

name the objective lens that has the lowest magnification (name or magnification) ______

scanning objective lens

where is the pointer found in a microscope?

attached to an ocular

a group of cells that are similar in structure and function are called _____

tissues

to perform specific body functions, tissues are arranged into _____, such as the heart, the lungs, or the kidneys

organs

____ ___ _____ is the depth of the specimen clearly in focus

depth of field

____ _____ distance between the objective and the specimen on the slide

working distance

______ is the ability to discriminate two close objects as separate

resolution

________ is the ability of microscopes to maintain a slide in proper focus when changing magnification

parafocal

ocular magnification multiplied by the objective magnification is the ________ _____

total magnification

how is the field size under the microscope measured (done in the lab) ?

place metric ruler on stage at low magnification, focus microscope on the scale of the ruler and measure the field of vision diameter in mm

the plasma membrane is selective about what passes through it, it allows nutrients to enter the cell but keeps out undesirable substances, this is called the ____ ____ of the plasma membrane

selective permeability

what is the function of the cytoskeletal elements?

the scaffolding of the cell

name one cytoskeletal element?

microfilaments

give one of the functions of the microtubules

produce parts of the spindle

_____ is the process of nuclear replication and division resulting in daughter cells with exact copies of nuclear material

mitosis

what is the structural and functional unit of all living things?

cell

what is the function of microvilli?

increase the surface area

what is the jelly-like material in which organelles float?

cytosol

give the name for the specific type of enzymes found in peroxisomes

oxidase

give the name for the specific type of enzymes found in lysosomes

acid hydrolase

give the name for the inner membrane folds of the mitochondria

cristae

what are the proteins that form the microtubles called?

tubulins

name one of the two proteins that may form microfilaments?

actin

name one of the two structures that may be formed from the cytoskeletal elements

flagella/cilia

give one of the functions of the microfilaments

allow for cell movements

give one of the functions of the intermediate filaments

resist mechanical/pulling forces

_____ ______ is the ability of the plasma membrane to allow certain substances into the cell and keep others out/ also keeps valuable substances within the cell

selective permeability

______ is nuclear division that takes place in reproductive organs giving rise to four genetically different daughter cells,with half the normal genetic number as somatic cells

meiosis

give another name for the idealized generalized cell that is studied to learn general structures and not specific cell function

composite cell

THE CELL CYTOPLASM CONTAINS VARIOUS SUBSTANCES AND STRUCTURES THAT ARE NOT PART

OF THE ACTIVE METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF THE CELL, SUCH AS STORED FOODS, PIGMENT

GRANULES, CRYSTALS, WATER VACUOLES AND INGESTED FOREIGN MATERIALS, THEY ARE

COLLECTIVELY CALLED ________________________

inclusions

A CELL'S ________________ IS THE SERIES OF CHANGES IT GOES THROUGH FROM THE TIME IT IS

FORMED UNTIL IT REPRODUCES ITSELF

life cycle

DURING _________________ THE CELL GROWS AND CARRIES OUT IT'S USUAL ACTIVITIES

interphase

NAME ONE OF THE TWO STAGES OF THE CELL'S LIFE CYCLE

cell division

CENTROMERES AND _____________, AN ADHESIVE PROTEIN, HOLD REPLICATED CHROMOSOMES

(CHROMATIDS) TOGETHER DURING PROPHASE OF MITOSIS

cohesin

THE STRAIGHT LINE THAT REPLICATED CHROMOSOMES LINE UP ALONG DURING METAPHASE IS

CALLED THE ________________

metaphase plate

________________ IS THE ENZYME THAT CLEAVES COHESIN AT THE BEGINNING OF OF ANAPHASE

separase

_______________ IS THE DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASMIC MASS DURING LATE ANAPHASE

CONTINUING THROUGH TELOPHASE OF MITOSIS

cytokinesis

IN ANIMAL CELLS, A ______________ BEGINS TO FORM APPROXIMATELY OVER THE SPINDLE

EQUATOR AND EVENTUALLY SPLITS OR PINCHES THE ORIGINAL CYTOPLASMIC MASS INTO TWO

PORTIONS

cleavage furrow

IN LAB YOU TESTED THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE AND METHYLENE

BLUE THROUGH AGAR. WHICH DYE MIGRATED AT A SLOWER RATE? WHY?

methylene blue, because its molecular weight/size is heavier

IN LAB YOU OBSERVED THE PROCESS OF FILTRATION OF A SOLUTION CONTAINING STARCH,

COPPER SULFATE AND CHARCOAL. ____________________ DID NOT PASS THROUGH THE FILTER

PAPER. WHY?

charcoal and starch.... they are of larger molecular size than the filter paper pores

THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE AND METHYLENE BLUE THROUGH

AGAR IS DIFFERENT,WHY?

because of molecular weight/size. methylene blue is heavier / potassium permanganate is smaller

IN LAB YOU OBSERVED THE PROCESS OF FILTRATION OF A SOLUTION CONTAINING STARCH,

COPPER SULFATE AND CHARCOAL. NOT ALL OF THE SUBSTANCES PASSED THROUGH THE FILTER

PAPER. WHICH DID NOT PASS THROUGH? WHY?

charcoal and starch

how was the presence of charcoal on the filtration membrane verified?

black flecks were visible on the filter paper

how was the presence of copper sulfate in the filtration beaker verified?

the beaker had a clear blue liquid due to presence of copper sulfate

what was used to test for the presence of starch on the filtration paper?

iodine- turns purple/black in the presence of starch

what color was seen when the iodine was placed in the filtration paper?

purple/ black

what color was seen when the iodine was placed in the filtration beaker?

orange/ light brown

does potassium permanganate diffuse faster through liquid (water) or solid (agar)

liquid/ water

in lab, using dialysis tubing and methylene blue, does methylene blue stay inside the tubing or exit?

exit

in lab, using dialysis tubing and methylene blue, why does methylene blue exit the tubing

because its small enough to exit

IN LAB, USING DIALYSIS TUBING, DID BLUE DEXTRAN EXIT THE TUBING? WHY?

blue dextran which could not exit due to its size/molecular weight. It was too large

______________ IS THE CRINKLING-UP PROCESS OBSERVED IN RED BLOOD CELLS PLACED IN A

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION / RBC LOSING WATER

Crenation

IN ACTIVE PROCESSES____________ DRIVES MOVEMENT THROUGH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

ATP

IN PASSIVE PROCESSES____________ DRIVES MOVEMENT THROUGH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

osmosis

WHAT KIND OF ENERGY DO MOLECULES POSSESS THAT KEEP THEM IN CONSTANT MOTION?

kinetic

A DIFFERENCE IN CONCENTRATION ACROSS A MEMBRANE IS CALLED?

concentration gradient

__________ IS USED TO APPROXIMATE A SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE WHEN USING BLUE

DEXTRAN/ METHYLENE BLUE

dialysis sac

__________ IS A PASSIVE PROCESS BY WHICH WATER AND SOLUTES ARE FORCED THROUGH A

MEMBANE BY HYDROSTATIC (FLUID) PRESSURE

filtration

WHAT WAS USED AS A SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE DURING THE FILTRATION EXERCISE?

filtration paper

THIS STRUCTURE LABELED "A" WITH THE PINK TAPE WAS USED DURING WHICH EXERCISE?

???

THE RATE OF DIFFUSION IS GREATER IN WHICH MEDIA: LIQUID OR SOLID?

liquid

IN LAB, USING DIALYSIS TUBING AND BLUE DEXTRAN, YOU TESTED______________.

osmosis

IN YOUR HOMEWORK YOU TESTED THE MOVEMENT OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ACROSS A

SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE BY ______________________.

active transport

WHEN PLACED IN A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION, RED BLOOD CELLS WILL BURST, A PROCESS KNOWN

AS _______________.

hemolysis

IN LAB, USING DIALYSIS TUBING, WATER WENT IN OR OUT OF THE TUBING WITH BLUE DEXTRAN?

WHY?

water came inside of the tubing w/ blue dextran due to higher solute concentration outside