hazardous waste final exam

generator

In hazardous waste management, the entity whose act causes a hazardous waste to become subject to regulation

Probability Sampling

All samples have equal chance of being chosen

All samples are collected randomly

It maximizes sampling precision

Protect public health and the environment from hazardous and other solid wastes

Preserve natural resources through resource recovery and conservation

two primary goals of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Are:

displacement of charged species from solid surface by another species that has higher affinity for same site

Exchange

phase (solid) to which to which species is sorbed

Sorbent

water and organic contam decomposed

Hydrolysis

amt chem reach target organ

Target or Effective Dose

chance of adverse effects due to exposure to envir hazards

Risk

chance of encountering potential adverse effects

ecological exposures to envir hazards

Risk

transform hydrophobic compound to more polar products

Phase I

increases rate of canger

Carcinogen

initiation

promotion

progression

progression in carcinogens

Exposure concentration, contact rate, exposure frequency, exposure duration, body mass and averaging time

CDI eqn

The low precision with small sample sizes of test animals

Uncertainty about biochemical and physiological responses

Extrapolation of dose-response relationships

potential problems with using animal data for human toxicity assessments

Bioconcentration factor

partitioning of contaminants between water and organisms, excluding food,

polychlorinated biphenyls

xenobiotic, highly hydrophobic, environmentally persistent, compounds have been used primarily as transformer oils

sampling

When conducting an effective hazardous waste source analysis, the step most likely to result in erroneous information is:

They exhibit high densities and high water solubilities

They persist in the environment

Halogenated solvents have become common groundwater contaminants because:

except when mixed with hazardous wastes

Radioactive wastes are not regulated under RCRA and CERCLA:

tracks and quantifies wastes through a source materials balance

Hazardous waste audit

phase II environmental assessment

An examination, which may include records searches, determination of media focus and evaluation of pathways and receptors, and designed to confirm or deny the presence of hazardous wastes is known as

2 oxygens w 2 benzenes and 4 chlorines

Which molecule is an example of a dioxin

A waste that exbibits one or more of the following hazardous characteristics: corrosivity, reactivity, ignitability, or toxicity.

Characteristic waste

The ability of a species to dissolve in water.

Water solubility

The ratio of a species density to the density of water.

Specific gravity

A waste that is hazardous but because it would be on too large of a scale or too difficult to manage, it is exempt from the RCRA hazardous waste list.

Exempted waste

Solid waste is any material (in any phase) that is generated/ discarded from industrial, agricultural, or commercial activities.

Solid waste

sep of compound and speceies and subsequent deposition at interface

Adsorption

accum into particle

Absorption

hydrophobic compounds partition onto surfaces

Sorption

species in liquid phase that sorbs to solid phase

Sorbate

quantity cations sorbed / mass soil

Cation Exchange Capacity

est of rel vel of contam in groundwater based on its distribution coefficient

Retardation factor

soild or liquid to gas

Volatilization

equil btw concwnetration in solution vs gas in closed system

Henry's Law

dispersion of solute by local concentration gradients

Molecular diffusion

volume pore space in subsurface environment

Porosity

turb mixing and varied pathways of solutes in subsurface thru porous media

Mechanical dispersion

ease that fluid passes through porous media

Hydraulic conductivity

[ ] org is exposed to

Administered Dose

tot mass org is exposed to

Dosage

study of poisons and their effects

Toxicology

conj reactions adding polar fnt groups to produc3e mor4e readily excetabke polar products

Phase II

degree toxin causes adverse health affevcts

Toxicity

intrinsic capability of waste to cause harm

Hazard

estab to protect public health under SDWA

Maximum Contaminant Level

max daily oral dose perso can be exposed to and have no non car tox

Reference Dose

requires pre manufacterer notification

Toxic Substances Control Act

level of daily inhalation or ingestion of tox compound that doesnt produce adverse health affects

Acceptable Daily Intake

actual amount of chemical absorped

Intake dose

partitioning of cantam btw water and organism

Bioconcentration factor

biotrans producing toxic metabolites

Bioactivation

[ ] chem in air that worker can be exposed to safely

Threshold Limit Value

neoplastic growth leading to neoplasms

Cancer

Initiators and promoters

complete carcinogens

Respiratory, oral and dermal

routes of exposure

Reference dose, slope factor

HI for non car, car

hazard identification, exposure assessment, toxicity assessment, risk characterization

sequence of steps in the Risk Assessment process are:

Polar, more easily

Metabolites resulting from Phase I and Phase II transformations are more __________ than the parent compound and are therefore __________ excreted.

Exposure to the toxicant and absorption into the organism

The first step in toxicity is